2ND BACHILLERATO

Self-study material from OUP (Oxford University press)website

http://www.oxfordbachillerato.es/Paginas/default.aspx

A lot of axercises for Bachillerato

http://ingles.laarboleda.es/BACHILLERATO/bachillerato-4

Test your English level at

http://www.cambridgeesol.org/testyourenglish/

http://www.world-english.org/test.htm

http://www.learn4good.com/languages/english_level.htm

http://www.english-online.org.uk/demon/demo.htm

http://www.examenglish.com/leveltest/index.php

EXÁMENES PAU

Para practicar, podéis utilizar estas páginas:

Exámenes PAU Inglés Universitat de València

http://www.upv.es/ingles/examenes.html

Exámenes de PAU de las universidades públicas de Madrid. (No son exactamente iguales a los de Valencia pero son muy parecidos y además INCLUYE SOLUCIONES)

http://www.clasesdeapoyo.com/selectividad/Ingl%C3%A9s

Más exámenes tipo PAU

http://mbonillo.xavierre.com/grammar/examsdoc.html

http://www.ujaen.es/serv/acceso/selectividad/orientaciones.htm

Criterios de corrección, estadísticas,MODELOS EXÁMENES etc de Universitat de VALÈNCIA

http://www.upv.es/ingles/

Exámenes PAU todas las asignaturas Universitat de València

http://www.cdlibre.org/pau/

Exámenes PAU todas asignaturas Madrid

http://www.emes.es/AccesoUniversidad/Selectividad/ModelosdeExamenes/tabid/344/Default.aspx

Exámenes PAU todas asignaturas Andalucía

http://www.ujaen.es/serv/acceso/selectividad/orientaciones.htm

Exámenes PAU y otros recursos

http://www.isabelperez.com/select.htm

Cómo hacer un buen examen de Inglés en la PAU (es de Andalucía pero muchas cosas valen igual

http://webs.ono.com/lallena/ConsejosSelectividad.html

PONDERACIÓN ASIGNATURAS

http://www.uv.es/incorp/admissio/Documento_ponderaciones_2012_y_posteriores_version_octubre_2011.pdf

MÁS INFORMACIÓN ÚTIL PARA EXAMEN PAU (false friends,modelos de textos etc) en este mismo blog en el apartado Most common errors when writing.

http://tonigarcia-iesmbv.blogspot.com/2011/07/most-common-errors-when-writing-english.html

CONECTORES

Los conectores o conjunciones son palabras que usamos para unir doso más frases o dos palabras dentro de la misma oración. Aquí tienes losconectores más comunes agrupados en categorías.

Copulativs and, not only … but also …, not only … but … as well, both … and …, no sooner … than
Disyuntivos or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise

Condicionales if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of

Concesivos although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of

Conclusivos therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently

Continuativos then, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to

Adversativos but, however, nonetheless, yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the contrary

Causales because, for, because of, as a result of, due to, owing to, since, as

Comparativos as, as … as …, not as … as …, not so … as …, just as … so …, as if, as though

Funcionales so, so that, so as to, so as not to, in order to

Connectors again...

Sentence Connectors

Cause and Effect

Sentence Connectors - showing Cause / Effect

Once you have mastered

Type of Connector

Connector(s)

Examples

Coordinating conjunctions

for (cause), so (effect)

Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient, for their positions are at times rather stressful.

Subordinating conjunctions

because, since

Since high level positions are at times rather stressful, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.

Conjunctive adverbs

therefore, as a result, consequently

High level positions are at times rather stressful; therefore, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.

Prepositions

because of, due to, as a result of

Due to the stressful nature of high level positions, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient

Addition

Sentence Connectors - Showing Addition

Type of Connector

Connector(s)

Examples

Coordinating Conjunction

and

High level positions are stressful at times, and can be harmful to your health.

Conjunctive adverbs

in addition, additionally, furthermore, moreover, also

High level positions are stressful at times; furthermore, they can be harmful to your health

Correlative conjunctions

not only...but also

Not only are high level positions stressful at times, but they also can be harmful to your health.

Prepositional phrases

in addition to, along with, as well as

Along with being stressful, high level positions can also be harmful to your health.

Opposition

Type of Connector

Connector(s)

Examples

Coordinating conjunction

but

High level positions are stressful at times, but professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.

Subordinating conjunctions

although, despite the fact that

Despite the fact that high level positions are stressful at times, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.

Conjunctive adverbs

however, nevertheless

High level positions are stressful at times; nevertheless, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.

Prepositional phrases

despite, in spite of

In spite of the stressful nature of high level positions, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.

Comparison

Sentence Connectors - Showing Comparison

.

Type of Connector

Connector(s)

Examples

Coordinating Conjunction

and...too

High level positions are stressful, and can be harmful to your health too.

Subordinating conjunction

just as

Just as high level positions are stressful, they can be harmful to your health.

Conjunctive adverbs

similarly, in comparison

High level positions are stressful at times; similarly, they can be harmful to your health.

Prepositions

like, similar to

Similar to other important professions, high level business positions are stressful at times.

Contrast

Sentence Connectors - Showing Contrast

Once you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly complex ways. One of the best ways to improve your writing style is to use sentence connectors. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writing style.

Type of Connector

Connector(s)

Examples

Coordinating conjunction

but

High level positions are stressful at times, but the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.

Subordinating conjunctions

whereas, while

While high level positions are stressful at times, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.

Conjunctive adverbs

in contrast, on the other hand

High level positions are stressful at times; on the other hand, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.

Prepositions

unlike

Unlike the undesirable stress of high level positions, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indee

Condition

Sentence Connectors - Showing Condition

Type of Connector

Connector(s)

Examples

Subordinating conjunctions

if, unless, only if, even if

If you consider the financial rewards of high level positions, the stressful nature of these positions becomes less important.

Conjunctive adverb

otherwise

You should remember the financial rewards of high level positions; otherwise, you might find the stressful nature of these positions too demanding.

Aquí encontraréis una lista inmensa de conectores Inglés-Español

http://heptagrama.com/connectors-glossary.htm

NOW SOME EXERCISES WITH CONNECTORS...

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/connectsum.html

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1708

http://www.englishdaily626.com/sentence_connectors.php?005

http://a4esl.org/q/f/y/zz99maa.htm

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1792

http://sana.tkk.fi/awe/cohesion/signposts/contrast/exercises/1r.html (DIFFICULT)

Starter unit: TENSES

TENSES GRAMMAR & EXERCISES

RESUMEN TIEMPOS VERBALES

PRESENTE SIMPLE

Afirmativa--Sujeto + Infinitivo sin to (3ª se le añade -s- o -es) I read my book

Negativa--Sujeto + don´t / doesn´t + infinitivo sin to I don´t read the book

Interrogativa--Do/Does + Sujeto + infinitivo sin to Do you read the book?

PRESENTE CONTINUO

Prsente simple de to be y el participio de presente del verbo que se conjuga.

Afirmativa—Sujeto + To be + Verbo -ing I am playing football

Interrogativa—To be + Sujeto + Verbo -ing Am I playing football?

Negativa—Sujeto + To be + not + Verbo -ing I am not playing football

* Para hablar de algo que está pasando en el momento-- Wnat are you doing now?
* Para hablar de PLANES ya en marcha (+ expresión que indique FUTURO:later,tomorrow

PRESENTE PERFECTO SIMPLE

Afirmativa—Sujeto + Have (has)+ Verbo (3ªColumna o -ed-) I have been in New York

Interrogativa—Have/has + Sujeto + Verbo (3ªColumna o -ed-) Have I been in New York?

Negativa—Sujeto + Haven´t/hasn´t + Verbo (3ªColumna o -ed-) I haven´t been in New York

* Para hablar de experiencies en la vida-- Have you ever visited Paris?
* Acciones pasadas RECIENTES o NOTICIA.
Adverbios—Yet, always, never, ever, just, already

1) Si para preguntar por el tiempo en que se realizó una acción es preciso utilizar el pasado simple, para preguntar sencillamente por la realización de una acción se usa el presente perfecto. Ejemplos: When did you go to London? (pasado simple) . Have you ever been to London? (presente perfecto).

2) con referencia a acciones realizadas recientemente en expresiones con just, adverbio que debe situarse entre el auxiliar y el participio. La expresión castellana equivalente se construye con acabar de. Ejemplo: I have just seen her --- Acabo de verla.

3) con referencia a acciones recientes o con expresiones que denotan un período de tiempo aún no acabado. Ejemplo: I have read that book recently . I have not read that book yet.

4) con referencia a acciones iniciadas en el pasado que siguen desarrollándose en el presente. En estos casos es frecuente el uso de las preposiciones for (si se trata de un período de tiempo) o since (si se menciona el momento concreto o la fecha exacta en que se comenzó la acción). Ejemplos: I have worked here for ten years. I have worked here since July.

PASADO SIMPLE

No se especifica el momento en el que ocurrio la accion. Se forma añadiendo -ed al infinitivo sin to. Cuando el verbo acaba en -e sólo se añade -d.

Afirmativa—Sujeto + Verbo (2ªcolumna o -ed-) + Comp—I bought flowers

Interrogativa—Did + Sujeto + infinitivo sin to + Comp—Did I buy flowers in the shop?

Negativa—Sujeto + didn´t + Verbo en infinitivo sin to

PASADO CONTINUO

Se forma con el pasado simple del auxiliar to be y el participio de presente del verbo que se conjuga.

Afirmativa—Sujeto + was/were + Verbo -ing I was playing football

Interrogativa—Was/were + Sujeto + Verbo -ing Was I playing football?

Negativa—Sujeto + wasn´t/weren´t + Verbo -ing I wasn´t playing football

* Para hablar de algo estaba en curso en momento concreto del pasado--I was watching at 9.00

FUTURO SIMPLE

* Cuando se decide hacer algo en el momento de hablar
* Cuando algo va a ocurrir en un futuro lejano
* Con peticiones, con pronósticos, con promesas,invitaciones
* Cuando nos negamos a hacer algo
*Para ofrecerse—I will phone the police for you
* En lenguaje formal (en las noticias)—The president will open de new heliport tomorrow
* En los restaurantes—I´ll have roast-beef
* En las oraciones temporales y condicionales (1er orden.)—If you want, I´ll buy the CD

FUTUR PLANS

To be going to (ver también Pres Continuous with future meaning y el Fut. Continuous)

* Para expresar una intención—I´m going to fly Paris
* Para expresar una predicción de la que hay evidencias en el presente—It´s going to rain (It´s cloudy)
* Para expresar un rechazo—I´m not going to do it

Pasado Continuo

I/she/he/it was +verbo-ing

They/we/you were +verboi-ing

Uso

Describir una actividad que ocurría en un momento específico del pasado:

At 6 o'clock I was working in the garden

Describir una actividad interrumpida por una más corta:

They arrived while we were cooking

Describir dos actividades que ocurren en un mismo tiempo:

I was reading a book while my brother was listening to music

Present perfect (pretérito perfecto simple)

He/she/it has + verbo 3 columna

I/you/they/We + verbo 3 columna

Uso

Acciones del pasado que tienen importancia en el presente:

I have won the lottery .I have your mother in the supermarket

Con el adverbio just se expresan acciones que acaban de ocurrir:

We have just come back from London

Expresiones de periodo incomplete como: this morning, this week, this month, today:

We haven´t seen frank this morning

Con las preposiciones for y since: expresiones que empezó en el pasado y no ha acabado:

I have lived in Malaga for three year

Sara has studied Russian since 1999

Present perfect continuous (pretérito perfecto continuo)

I/you/we/they have + been + verbo-ing

He/she/it has + been + verbo-ing

Uso

Hablar de actividad que empezó en el pasado y que continúa en el presente, se resalta la duración de la actividad, se suele utilizar la preposición for o since.

We have been studying since 9 o'clock

Hablar de una actividad que empezó en el pasado y ha acabado recientemente:

You have been sleeping all morning

Past perfect (pretérito pluscuamperfecto)

I/she/he/it/we/they/you + had (´d) + verbo 3 columna + lo que sea

Uso

Para hablar de una acción pasada que ocurrió antes que otra (también en el pasado):

The train had already left when we arrived at the station.

1 orden 2 orden

Future simple

I/she/he/it/we/they/you + will +verbo infinitive

Uso

Expresar predicciones del futuro:

It Hill be cloudy tomorrow morning

Hacer promesas:

I will write to you every day

Hacer un ofrecimiento:

A: I can't put the book on the top shelf

B: I will do it for you

En las oraciones condicionales del primer tipo:

If + present simple + futuro:

If it rains, I won't go

Tomar una decisión en el momento de hablar:

I think I will have a sandwich now

Future with going to

He/she/it is going to

I am going to

We/you/they are going to

Uso

Expresar intenciones:

I'm going to work harder (voy a estudiar más)

Hablar de un plan futuro:

A famous architect is going to build a new museum

Hacer predicciones futuras a partir de un hecho evidente en el presente:

Loot at those clouds. It's going to rain in a minute.

Future continuous

I/she/he/it/we/they/you + will be + verbo-ing

Uso

Hablar de acciones que estarán en marcha en un momento determinado del futuro:

At this time next week I will de playing with my friends

Preguntar por los planes de los demás, cuando pedir un favor:

Will you be using the computer this afternoon?

Future perfect

I/she/he/it/we/they/you + will have + verbos en tercera columna

Uso

Hablar de acciones que en un futuro estarán finalizadas (En un futuro va a ser pasado):

By next July, I will have passed all my exams

I will have painted the house by next week

ENGLISH LESSONS

VERBSTENSE REVISION CHART

Verb(to play)	Tense	Use	Example
I play	Present simplemore...	▪ Regular activities - routine - habits	▪ Anne and Sophie play tennis on Saturday afternoons.
I am playing	Present continuousmore...	▪ Continuous action now or at the present time.	▪ Anne and Sophie are playing at the moment.
I have played	Present Perfect Simple more...	▪ Finished part of a continuous action ▪ Completed actions in an unfinished period of time ▪ Recent events (no time mentioned) ▪ Past action with a result in the present. ▪ Experiences (no time mentioned)	▪ So far they have played two sets. ▪ They have played several other matches this month. ▪ Their parents have just arrived. ▪ Sophie has broken her racket so she's got to change it. ▪ They have played in many tournaments.
I have been playing	Present Perfect Continuous more...	▪ Actions begun in the past which continue today.	▪ They have been playing tennis since 2 pm.
I played	Past Simple more...	▪ Finished actions at a specific time in the past.	▪ Last Saturday Sophie played in another tournament.
I was playing	Past Continuousmore...	▪ Continuous actions at a specific time in the past.	▪ At 2.30 pm they were startingthe second set.
I had played	Past Perfect Simplemore...	▪ Actions before a specific time in the past.	▪ Before they arrived, two other people had played a match.
I had been playing	Past Perfect Continuous more...	▪ Past continuous actions	▪ When their parents arrived, theywere already playing.
I will play	Future simple more...	▪ Predictions ▪ Spontaneous decisions or offers	▪ Sophie will win the match today. ▪ I'll lend you my tennis racket!
I will be playing	Future continuous	▪ Future continuous actions	▪ Next Saturday they will be playing in another town.
I will have played	Future perfect	▪ Completed future action.	▪ By September, they will have played 12 matches.
I will have been playing	Future perfect continuous	▪ Continuous future action completed at a given time.	▪ At 4 pm Anne and Sophie will have been playing for 2 hours.
I would play	Conditional Simplemore...	▪ Probable action in an imaginary situation	▪ I would play tennis if I had a racket.
I would be playing	Conditional Continuous	▪ Continuous action in an imaginary situation.	▪ Anne would be playing tennis if you came on a Saturday afternoon.
I would have played	Conditional Perfect	▪ Speculating about hypothetical situations in the past.	▪ I would have played yesterday ifyou had asked me.
I would have been playing	Cond. Perfect Continuous	▪ Continuous hypothetical situations.	▪ I would have been playing with Anne if I had won my last match.

English Tenses Timeline Chart

This timeline tenses chart provides a handy reference sheet to English tenses and their relationship to one another and the past, present and future. Conjugated verbs are highlighted in bold. Tenses which are rarely used in everyday conversation are marked by an asterik (*).

		TIMELINE
SIMPLE ACTIVE	SIMPLE PASSIVE		PROGRESSIVE / CONTINUOUS ACTIVE	PROGRESSIVE / CONTINUOUS PASSIVE
		PAST TIME ^ \| \| \| \|
She had already eatenwhen I arrived.	The painting had been sold twice before it was destroyed.	^ \| PAST PERFECT \| \|	I had been waitingfor four hours when he finally arrived.	The house had been being painted for over a month before they began to decorate the interior. *
I bought a new car last week.	The book was writtenin 1876 by Frank Smith.	^ \| PAST \| \|	I was watching TVwhen she arrived.	The problem was being solved when I arrived late for class.
She has lived in California for many years.	The company has been managed by Fred Jones for the last two years.	^ \| PRESENT PERFECT \| \|	She has been working at Johnson's for six months.	The students have been being taught for the last four hours. *
He works five days a week.	Those shoes are made in Italy.	^ \| PRESENT \| \|	I am working at the moment.	The work is being doneby Jim.
		\| \| PRESENT MOMENT \| \|
		\| FUTURE INTENTION \| \| V	They are going to flyto New York tomorrow.	The reports are going to be completed by the marketing department.
The sun will shinetomorrow.	The food will be brought later.	\| FUTURE SIMPLE \| \| V	She will be teachingtomorrow at six o'clock.	The rolls will be being baked at two. *
I will have completed the course by the end of next week.	The project will have been finishedby tomorrow afternoon.	\| FUTURE PERFECT \| \| V	She will have been workinghere for two years by the end of next month.	The house will have been being built for six months by the time they finish. *
		FUTURE TIME \| \| \| \| V

Present Simple

every ... (day)
sometimes
often
usually
seldom

Present Progressive

now
at the moment
Look!
Listen!

Pres. Continuous(future9/be going to

at...
next...

Simple Past

last ...
... ago
yesterday
in 1990

Present Perfect

yet
ever
already
so far
up to now

Future Perfect

by+ time

http://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/verbs_tense-revision.htm

LIST OF MAIN IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive	Simple Past	Past Participle	Spanish
arise	arose	arisen	surgir
be	was / were	been	ser
beat	beat	beaten	golpear
become	became	become	convertirse
begin	began	begun	comenzar
bet	bet/betted	bet/betted	apostar
bite	bit	bitten	morder
bleed	bled	bled	sangrar
blow	blew	blown	soplar
break	broke	broken	romper
bring	brought	brought	traer
build	built	built	construir
buy	bought	bought	comprar
catch	caught	caught	atrapar
choose	chose	chosen	elegir
come	came	come	venir
cost	cost	cost	costar
creep	crept	crept	arrastrarse
cut	cut	cut	cortar
deal	dealt	dealt	dar, repartir
do	did	done	hacer
draw	drew	drawn	dibujar
dream	dreamt/dreamed	dreamt/dreamed	soñar
drink	drank	drunk	beber
drive	drove	driven	conducir
eat	ate	eaten	comer
fall	fell	fallen	caer
feed	fed	fed	alimentar
feel	felt	felt	sentir
fight	fought	fought	pelear
find	found	found	encontrar
flee	fled	fled	huir
fly	flew	flown	volar
forget	forgot	forgotten	olvidar
forgive	forgave	forgiven	perdonar
forsake	forsook	forsaken	abandonar
freeze	froze	frozen	congelar
get	got	got	tener, obtener
give	gave	given	dar
go	went	gone	ir
grind	ground	ground	moler
grow	grew	grown	crecer
hang	hung	hung	colgar
have	had	had	tener
hear	heard	heard	oír
hide	hid	hidden	esconderse
hit	hit	hit	golpear
hold	held	held	tener, mantener
hurt	hurt	hurt	herir, doler
keep	kept	kept	guardar
kneel	knelt	knelt	arrodillarse
know	knew	known	saber
lead	led	led	encabezar
learn	learnt/learned	learnt/learned	aprender
leave	left	left	dejar
lend	lent	lent	prestar
let	let	let	dejar
lie	lay	lain	yacer
lose	lost	lost	perder
make	made	made	hacer
mean	meant	meant	significar
meet	met	met	conocer, encontrar
pay	paid	paid	pagar
put	put	put	poner
quit	quit/quitted	quit/quitted	abandonar
read	read	read	leer
ride	rode	ridden	montar, ir
ring	rang	rung	llamar por teléfono
rise	rose	risen	elevar
run	ran	run	correr
say	said	said	decir
see	saw	seen	ver
sell	sold	sold	vender
send	sent	sent	enviar
set	set	set	fijar
sew	sewed	sewn/sewed	coser
shake	shook	shaken	sacudir
shine	shone	shone	brillar
shoot	shot	shot	disparar
show	showed	shown/showed	mostrar
shrink	shrank/shrunk	shrunk	encoger
shut	shut	shut	cerrar
sing	sang	sung	cantar
sink	sank	sunk	hundir
sit	sat	sat	sentarse
sleep	slept	slept	dormir
slide	slid	slid	deslizar
sow	sowed	sown/sowed	sembrar
speak	spoke	spoken	hablar
spell	spelt/spelled	spelt/spelled	deletrear
spend	spent	spent	gastar
spill	spilt/spilled	spilt/spilled	derramar
split	split	split	partir
spoil	spoilt/spoiled	spoilt/spoiled	estropear
spread	spread	spread	extenderse
stand	stood	stood	estar de pie
steal	stole	stolen	robar
sting	stung	stung	picar
stink	stank/stunk	stunk	apestar
strike	struck	struck	golpear
swear	swore	sworn	jurar
sweep	swept	swept	barrer
swim	swam	swum	nadar
take	took	taken	tomar
teach	taught	taught	enseñar
tear	tore	torn	romper
tell	told	told	decir
think	thought	thought	pensar
throw	threw	thrown	lanzar
tread	trode	trodden/trod	pisar
understand	understood	understood	entender
wake	woke	woken	despertarse
wear	wore	worn	llevar puesto
weave	wove	woven	tejer
weep	wept	wept	llorar
win	won	won	ganar
wring	wrung	wrung	retorcer
write	wrote	written	escribir

MORE GRAMMAR ABOUT TENSES

http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/tenses/getting_the_right_tense/factsheet.shtml

NEGATIVE PREFIXES

http://hum.ku.ac.th/learn/learnenglishthroughsong/BackAtOne/prefix.html

EXERCISES

PRESENT

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-present.asp

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-progressive-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-progressive-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-progressive-3

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-present-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-present-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-present-3

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs1.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs2.htm

PAST

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-past.asp

FUTURE

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-future.asp

http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/exercise/simple_future_vs_going_to

http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/exercise/future_for_predictions_test

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/future-1-will-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/future-1-will-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/future-1-will-3

http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_futureforms.htm

Future perfect simple &continuous :

http://www.e-grammar.org/future-perfect-simple-continuous/

http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.futperf.i.htm

CONDITIONAL

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-conditional.asp

http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/exercise/first_or_second_conditional_quiz

MIXED TENSES

http://theenglishcafe.blogspot.com/2009/11/exercise-mixed-tenses.html

http://www.scribd.com/doc/526198/Verb-tenses-exercises

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-tenses.asp

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg_mixedtenses1.pdf

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg_mixedtenses2.pdf

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg_mixedtenses3.pdf

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg_mixedtenses4.pdf

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg_mixedtenses5.pdf

http://eslbee.com/cgi-bin/quiztest.cgi?doapushup

http://eslbee.com/cgi-bin/quiztest.cgi?sing_a_song

http://www.englishclub.com/esl-quizzes/grammar-5-tenses.htm

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/london-dungeon

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/language-course

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/james-cook

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/bewleys

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/mix-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/mix-3

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/mix-4

http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/visualtests/1

http://www.eslmonster.com/test/mixed-verb-tenses-exercise

http://www.eslmonster.com/test/mixed-verb-tenses-exercise3

http://www.saberingles.com.ar/exercises/301.html

http://www.saberingles.com.ar/exercises/302.html

http://www.saberingles.com.ar/exercises/303.html

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs1.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs2.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs3.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs4.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs5.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs6.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs7.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs8.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs9.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs10.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs11.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs12.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs13.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs14.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs15.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs16.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs17.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs18.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs19.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs20.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs21.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs22.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs23.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs24.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs25.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs26.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs27.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs28.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs29practicetest.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs30finaltest.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/alle_grammar.htm

http://mbonillo.xavierre.com/httpdocs/grammar/2bch.html

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/mix-4

http://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/verbs_tense-revision.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseintro.html

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-tenses.asp

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/zeitformen.htm

http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/exercises

http://www.oup.com/elt/global/products/headway/advanced/a_grammar/unit02/hwy_adv_unit02_1/

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseexercises.html

http://platea.pntic.mec.es/curso20/5_edicionhtml/2008/12/docs/TENSE%20REVISION%20EXERCISES.pdf

http://www.eslprintables.com/

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/tenses

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseintro.html

http://www.rong-chang.com/ex/contents.htm

http://www.xtec.es/~ogodoy/sac/verbs/verbexer.htm

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/english_lessons/mixed-tenses-test

http://www.learnclick.com/cloze/show/876

http://www.chabotcollege.edu/languagearts/esl/verb%20tense%20book--pdf.pdf

http://eoisantander.org/alfonsohinojosa/curso4/ejercicios/grammar/cloze/4_1_cloze_tenses.htm

http://eoisantander.org/alfonsohinojosa/curso4/portadas/cloze4.html

MIXED TENSE REVISION 1

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets in the right tense.
1.- The children __________ (like) sweets.
2.- Maria usually ___________ (do) the shopping, but I __________
(do) it today as she isn’t well.
3.- The kettle _________ (boil) now. Shall I make the tea?
4.- The last train __________ (leave) the station at 12.00.
5.- The children were frightened because it __________
(get) dark.
6.- It __________ (snow) when I left home this morning.
7.- We __________ (go) on holiday to Barcelona last
summer.
8.- My brother __________ (have) his car repaired next week.
9.- Excuse me. I think you _________ (sit) in my seat.
10.- Don’t talk to me now. I __________ (write) an important letter.
11.- He _________ (not/go) to school last Monday. He __________
(be) ill.
12.- In 1984 I ____________ (study) at university.
13.- I ___________ (not / eat) anything since lunchtime.
14.- We suddenly __________ (realize) that we __________ (travel)
in the wrong direction.
15.- Here are your trainers. I __________ (just / clean) them.
16.- I ____________ (not read) the newspaper yet.
17.- What _____________ (you / do ) last weekend?
18.- Some of my friends ___________ (have) a party next weekend.
19.- It’s rather hot in here. I ________ (open) the window.
20.- My brother __________ (get) a new car on Monday.
21.- If we take a taxi at 12 o’clock, we _________ (not be) late.
22.- I’m sure that I ___________ (recognize) them
23.- I __________ (see) her tomorrow morning.
24.- If I hadn’t lost my diary, I ________ (not forget) my homework.
25.- I hope I __________ (work) in the city when I’m older.
26.- When I was ill, I _________ (stay) in bed for a week.
27.- If we go on holiday, we _________ (have) a great time.
28.- She ________ (speak) English and German since she was three.
29.- If Felix passed his driving test, he __________ (take) us to the
beach.
30.- I ___________ (come) if I had known that you were ill.
31.- We always ________ (take) a lot of photos on holidays.
32.- They would have caught the train if they ___________ (not get
up) so late.
33.- My sister ____________ (walk) to school when it started to rain.
34.- You ____________ (phone) me for ages. Is it everything OK?
35.- Jenny has decided that she ____________ (study) Law.
36.- Are you going to the library? I ___________ (come) with you.
1.- like
2.- does / am doing
3.- is boiling
4.- leaves
5.- was getting
6.- was snowing
7.- went
8.- is having
9.- are sitting
10.- am writing
11.- didn’t go / was
12.- was studying
13.- haven’t eaten
14.- realized / were travelling
15.- have just cleaned
16.- haven’t read
17.- did you do
18.- are having / are going to have
19.- will
20.- is getting
21.- won’t be late
22.- will recognize
23.- am seeing
24.- wouldn’t have forgotten
25.- will work
26.- stayed
27.- will have
28.- has spoken
29.- would take
30.- would have come
31.- take
32.- hadn’t got up
33.- was walking
34.- haven’t phoned
35.- is going to study
36.- will come

MIXED TENSE REVISION 2
Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets in the right tense.
1.- Sam ___________ (talk) on the phone. I’ll tell him you are here.
2.- I _________ (have) several meals at this restaurant this month.
3.- The committee __________ (discuss) the problem at this very
moment.
4.- You _________ (not find) the right answer yet.
5.- My brother __________ (write) a book about Santander.
6.- There _________(be) many car accidents on the road recently.
7.- Mi niece __________ (come) to visit us tomorrow.
8.- My children __________ (play) chess when I _________ (come)
into the room.
9.- Birds _________ (fly) south every winter.
10.- This box is too heavy. I _________ (carry) it for you.
11.- My uncle _________ (give) us a present last month.
12.- The baby __________ (have) a cough for a few days.
Let’s take her to the doctor.
13.- I _________ (know) John since we were children.
14.- If you _________ (hurry), we can catch the bus on time.
15.- When John _________ (wake up), we ________ (tell) him the
news.
16.- What __________ (Ann / do) if she wins the lottery?
17.- If she knew the truth she ___________ (be) angry.
18.- I would have called the police if my car _________ (steal).
19.- If I __________ (be) you, I would take the job.
20.- My sister ___________ (just / phone) me from the airport.
21.- While I __________ (wash) my hair, the telephone __________
(ring).
22.- Most of the young people _________ (leave) the village a long
time ago.
23.- If a plant is watered, it __________ (grow)
24.- If you __________ (lend) me the money now, I would pay you
back later.
25.- A burglar _________ (break) into our house while
we ________ (watch) a football match on TV.
26.- We ____________ (win) the match if we had
practised.
27.- I _________ (have) a party on Saturday. Do you
want to come?
28.- This can’t be right! I __________ (not / believe) it.
29.- The bus leaves at 10.30, so we ___________ (leave) the house
at 8 o’clock.
30.- Kelly ___________ (probably / get) the job.
Answer key
1.- is talking
2.- have had
3.- is discussing
4.- haven’t found
5.- is writing or is going to write
6.- have been
7.- is coming
8.- were playing / came
9.- fly
10.- will carry
11.- gave
12.- has had
13.- have known
14.- hurry
15.- woke up / told
16.- will Ann do
17.- would be
18.- had been stolen
19.- were
20.- has just phoned
21.- was washing / rang
22.- left
23.- grows
24.- lent
25.- broke / were watching
26.- would have won
27.- am having
28.- don’t believe
29.- we will
30.- will probably get

MIXED TENSE REVISION 3

Complete the sentences with the suitable form of the verbs in
brackets.
1.- Where ___________ (you / go) for your holidays last summer?
2.- I can’t play anymore. I ___________ (just / hurt) my foot.
3.- While I _________ (do) my homework, I ________ (have) a
good idea.
4.- “Someone ________ (wait) for you outside”. “Who is it?”
5.- “Where _________ (we / go)? This is the wrong road.
6.- You __________ (never / finish) your homework.
7.- My children are busy. They __________ (study) for an
exam.
8.- This bike _________ (cost) 200€.
9.- This book is very difficult. I ___________ (not /
understand) it.
10.- _____________ (Jim / be) at home last night?
11.- We haven’t got any money. I ___________ (spend) all of it.
12.- ___________ (you / ever / go) to Italy?
13.- Tina isn’t here. She __________ (just / go) to school.
14.- I ____________ (buy) a new laptop next week.
15.- I’m sure it ________ (be) cold tomorrow.
16.- I ___________ (see) the dentist at 12.30 on
Friday.
17.- She _________ (do) her homework when she
_________ (fall) asleep.
18.- My sister _________ (do) gymnastics every
weekend.
19.- She _________ (have) that bike since she was twelve years.
20.- If we _________ (be) late for school, our teacher ________
(be) angry.
21.- Come on! Unless we _________ (hurry), we’ll miss the bus.
22.- If I __________ (bring) some more money with me, I could
have taken a taxi.
23.- If I ______ (be) you, I _______ ( not / eat) so much chocolate.
24.- We __________ (go) swimming next Saturday. Would you like
to come?
25.- While my father __________ (wash) up, he
________ (break) a glass.
26.- That can’t be right. I __________ (not / believe) it.
27.- “It’s a hot day.” “Why ________ (you / wear) a coat?
28.- I __________ (not / feel) happy unless I swim
everyday.
29.- That’s strange! My dictionary _____________
(disappear)!
30.- If I had a motorbike, I _____________ (ride) it to school.

ANSWER KEY

1.- did you go
2.- have just hurt
3.- was doing / had
4.- is waiting
5.- are we going
6.- have never finished
7.- are studying
8.- costs
9.- don’t understand
10.- was Jim
11.- have spent
12.- Have you ever been
13.- she has just gone
14.- am going to buy
15.- will be
16.- am seeing
17.- was doing / fell
18.- does
19.- has had
20.- are / will be
21.- hurry
22.- had brought
23.- were / wouldn’t eat
24.- are going
25.- was washing up / broke
26.- don’t believe
27.- are you wearing
28.- won’t feel
29.- has disappeared
30.- would ride

MIXED TENSE REVISION 4

Complete the sentences with the suitable form of the verbs in
brackets.
1.- If I __________ (find) a good job, I’ll move to Madrid.
2.- He met his wife when he __________ (work) in Brussels.
3.- You can turn off the radio. I ____________ (not
listen) to it.
4.- Where _________ (you / have) dinner yesterday?
5.- This exercise is difficult. I __________ (help) you
to do it.
6.- What ____________ (you / cook) tonight?
7.- ____________ (you / finish) your homework yet?
8.- My father ___________ (go) to the bank. He’ll be back soon.
9.- What __________ (they / do) at 9.00 last night?
10.- It __________ (snow) when we _________ (leave) the library.
11.- I usually __________ (listen) to the news in the car.
12.- My cousin is a writer. He __________ (write) three novels.
13.- Be careful! The baby _________ (put) those keys in
his mouth!
14.- When ______________ (Barack Obama / become)
president of the USA?
15.- My students _____________ (not listen) when I gave
the instructions.
16.- Gonzalo is thirsty! I ___________ (get) him a glass of
water!
17.- If it ___________ (not rain) we’d lie on the beach.
18.- It’s my birthday next week- Don’t worry! I ____________
(not forget) it.
19.- I think it ___________ (rain) this afternoon.
20.- John _________ (speak) to Susan a minute ago.
21.- If you ask him nicely, he _________ (help) you.
22.- Would you like a coffee? No, thanks. I ________
(already / have) four cups today.
23.- ____________ (you /ever / have) an argument
with your parents about clothes.
24.- I’m sure they __________ (lose) the match.
25.- My neighbour has broken his leg. He _________
(not play) tennis this weekend.
26.- If I had the receipt, I __________ (return) these jeans.
27.- What would you like? I __________ (have) some orange juice.
28.- If my brother __________ (not arrive) soon, I’ll send him a text
message.
29..-I __________ (not see) my grandparents since last summer.
30.- If you found a purse, __________ (you / give) it to the teacher?

ANSWER KEY

1.- find
2.- was working
3.- am not listening
4.- did you have
5.- will help
6.- are you going to cook
7.- have you finished
8.- has gone
9.- were they doing
10.- was snowing / left
11.- listen
12.- has written
13.- is putting
14.- did Barack Obama
15.- were listening
16.- will get
17.- didn’t rain
18.- won’t forget
19.- it’s going to rain
20.- spoke
21.- will help
22.- have already had
23.- have you ever had
24.- will lose
25.- is not going to play
26.- would return
27.- will have
28.- doesn’t arrive
29.- haven’t seen
30.- would you give

Tenses Grammar and Exercises

Sumary
Present Simple
Present Progressive
Ex.: The Present Tenses
Ways of Expressing the Future
Ex.: The Future Tenses
Ex.: Future Progressive
Ex.: Future Perfect
Present Perfect Simple
Ex.: Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Progressive
Ex.: The Present Perfect Tenses
Past Simple
Ex.: Present Perfect or Past Simple
Past Progressive
Ex.: Past Simple or Past Progressive
Past Perfect
Ex.: Past Perfect or Past Simple
Past Perfect Progressive
Ex.: Past Perfect Simple or Progressive
Tenses I
Tenses II
Tenses III
Tenses IV

Present Simple

1. Formation
The present simple has the form of the infinitive. But in the 3rd person singular
only, we add -s. Negative statements and questions are formed with do/does.
I write. She writes.
I don’t write. She doesn’t write.
Do I write? Does she write?

2. Use
We use the present simple to say that something happens repeatedly, regularly,
normally, often, always or never. It often occurs with phrases of time such as
always, never, often, sometimes, and usually, as well as every summer, on Fridays, after
midnight, etc.
She often goes to bed after midnight.
The present simple is used to talk about something permanent which is not limited
to a particular time.
Most young people like trendy clothes.
The present simple is used to talk about texts, e.g. novels, short stories, newspaper
articles, films or plays.
The novel describes life in an Irish village.
We use the present simple to describe a series of action, e.g. when giving information
or instructions.
“How do I get to the station?”
“First you go along Victoria Street, then you turn left …”
We use the present simple to say that a future event is a fixed part of a timetable,
a programme of events, a schedule or suchlike (the “timetable future”). Verbs
such as arrive, open, close, start or stop are often used this way.
The next train from Dublin arrives at 10.13.

Present Progressive

1. Formation
We form the present progressive with am/is/are + -ing.
I am writing.
You are not writing.
Is she writing?
2. Use
The present progressive is used when we want to say that somebody is doing
something or that something is happening at the moment. The action or event is
in progress and not yet complete. Common phrases of time are at the moment,
now, just and still.
Fiona is washing her hair (at the moment).now
The present progressive is used for actions which are not yet complete but can be
interrupted for a time. Strictly speaking, such interrupted actions are not in progress
at the moment of speaking.
I’m very busy. I’m redecorating my living-room.
We use the present progressive to express the idea that a repeated action is temporary,
i.e. it is happening for a limited period of time.
Patrick is working at a restaurant during his holidays.
We can use the adverb always with the present progressive to say that something
happens again and again, although not at regular intervals. Here always means
very often or too often. The structure expresses the speaker’s annoyance or surprise.
You’re always forgetting your books!
We use the present progressive to say that something is definitely planned or
arranged for the future. It must be clear from the context or from the use of a
phrase of future time (this afternoon, on Sunday, next week, etc.) that we are talking
about the future.
We’re having a barbecue on Sunday.

Exercises: The Present Tenses

Put the following verbs into the correct tense—either the present simple or the present progressive. Use all the elements in the brackets. Note the importance of certain key words. Use a highlighter to indicate the key words.

1. They (sell) my grandfather six eggs every Saturday.
2. Mr Brown (have) a cold shower every morning, but at the moment he (have) a hot
bath.
3. She (dislike) playing tennis but she (adore) swimming.
4. (he, not, work) in his room at the moment?
5. Mrs Poole seldom (eat) crisps.
6. The plane (leave) Heathrow at 8 a.m. and (arrive) at Kennedy seven hours later.
7. He always (phone) me every Saturday evening. He never (forget).
8. I (send) this book to Tim next week.
9. He (catch) the same train every evening.
10. I (look) for my glasses and I (not, can) find them anywhere.
11. We (have) lunch with the Smiths on Tuesdays.
12. We (have) dinner with the Browns on Friday.
13. Mr Green (come) to see us next week.
14. My cousins (go) to Greece this summer. They (go) there nearly every year.
15. James (want) a new pair of trousers.
16. Julie (need) to have her hair cut.
17. Mr Stowcrat (own) five cars and a plane.
18. I (not, know) who these socks (belong to), but they (smell) like cheese.
19. John (hardly ever, write) to me these days, but he (usually, phone) me once a week.
20. They (want) to stay here for another week.
21. This tea (taste) like dishwater.
22. Look! He (come) now.
23. What (you, do)? I (try) to make some jam but everybody (keep) asking me what I (do),
so I (not, make) much progress.
24. My car (always, break) down.
25. She (not, earn) very much but she (buy) her first car next week.
26. We (think) of going there next week.
27. I (see) the doctor on Thursday.
28. He (always, forget) to bring his books.
29. This book (belong) to Brian.
30. What (you, do)? I (be) a dentist.
31. What (you, do)? I (think) about what I’ve got to do tomorrow.
32. (you, think) he would come if we asked him?
33. How much (you, owe) me?
34. (I, not, go) with you tomorrow? Isn’t there enough room in the car?
35. It (look) as if it is going to rain.
36. (you, not, want) to come walking with me?
37. I hope you (understand) what I (talk) about today.
38. (you, go) to market on Wednesday?
39. (you, remember) when you were very small?
40. I (wish) he would stop phoning me at eleven o’clock at night. He (always, do) it!

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ways of Expressing the Future

1. will-future
We use the will-future when we want to make a prediction or an assumption
about the future. Common phrases are I think, expect, wonder, hope …, probably,
perhaps, maybe, I’m sure … etc.
I think Fiona will like it here.
We use the will-future when we want to make a spontaneous decision, an offer or
a promise.
“It’s raining!” – “I’ll lend you my umbrella.”
We use the will-future when we want to describe facts in the future.
Patrick will be twenty-four next Thursday.
We use the will-future in conditional sentences type I.
If you book your flight early, you’ll get it cheaper.
We use the will-future with the following time conjunctions: after, when, until,
before, as soon as.
We’ll play cards after as soon as she arrives.
2. going to-future
We use the going to-future when we talk about intentions or plans for the future.
Tonight I am going to watch the football match on TV.
We use the going to-future when something will very probably happen because
there are already signs of it happening.
“Look at those black clouds! It’s going to rain.”

3. Present progressive

We use the present progressive when something is definitely planned or arranged
for the future.
We’re flying to Galway on Saturday.

4. Present simple (“timetable future”)

We use the present simple when a future event is a fixed part of a timetable, programme
, schedule or suchlike.
The first bus to Galway leaves at 6.20.

5. Future progressive
We use the future progressive when an action or event will be in progress at a
point of time in the future.
This time on Saturday I will be flying to Galway.
(now) this time on Saturday
We use the future progressive when something will happen because it normally
happens.
In a few minutes we’ll be arriving at York central station.

6. Future perfect
We use the future perfect when an action or event will be complete at a point of
time in the future.
I suppose Patrick will have left when we arrive.
(now) will have left when we arrive

7. was / were going to
Note the existence of was / were going to, which can indicate a past intention or a
plan that has since been changed (‘future in the past’).
I was going to work in the garden, but then it started to rain.

Exercises: The Future Tenses
Put the following verbs into the correct future or present tense to express a future meaning. Beware of
a few sentences which need the imperative or the was/were going to form.
1. As soon as I (see) him, I’ll give him your news.
2. “It’s far too hot in here.” - “Oh sorry, I (open) the window.”
3. We (not, be) able to leave until the police say it is safe to do so.
4. The film (come) here the week after next.
5. Claire (be) ten next year.
6. (there, be) any trains on Christmas Day?
7. “I’ve just dropped a bottle of milk on the floor.” - “Don’t worry. I (come) and clean it
up.”
8. They (spend) their holidays in the Bahamas next year.
9. They (buy) a house, but they have changed their minds.
10.We (see) the Jones on April 5th.
11.What (Rachel, do) on Saturday night?
12.When Ruth (call) this evening, I’ll come and have a word with her.
13. Even if it stops raining, he (not, go) out.
14. James! We (go) to the cinema! Would you like to come with us?
15. Before you (leave), I’ll show you my bike.
16.When (you, make) the Christmas cake?
17. If that parcel (not, arrive) tomorrow, I (phone) the Post Office.
18.When the President (get) off the train, the Mayor (step) forward to greet him.
19. “When (you, go) to see Hamlet?” - “I don’t really know. Perhaps I (go) sometimes next
week.” - “Well, in that case, if you don’t mind, I (come) with you. I (go) with Vicky, but
she went last night while I was playing bowls.”
20. Before we (go) to bed, I (put) the cat out.
21. They (dream) of Spain as soon as they (get) home from their holidays
22. I (fly) to Scotland but when I found out how expensive it was, I changed my mind.
23. (she, break) down when she (hear) of her son’s accident?
24.When you (break) your leg, (not, come) crying to me saying I never warned you.
25. She (burst) the balloon if she (blow) it up any more.
26. “(you, work) in the garden this afternoon?” - “What! You’re joking! It (be) far too hot to
do any work outside, I think I (stay) in the living room and have forty winks.”
27. “When (you, bake) your Christmas cake?” - “I’ve already done it. I did it a week ago.”
28. “What (you, do) this afternoon?” - “I (play) tennis with Sarah.”
29. After she (go) to sleep, I (come) downstairs and make you something to eat.
30. (clean) up your room before your father (see) the mess you’ve made.
31. “When (you, spend) that money you were given for your birthday?” - “I don’t know. I
think (probably, wait) until I (see) something I like.”
32. “You’ve torn your blouse.” - “Oh, so I have. What a nuisance! I (get) some cotton and
mend it before it (get) any worse.”
33. I’m eighteen now but this time next week I (be) nineteen.
34. “(Rachel, sing) to us tonight?” - “I hope she ( ), but she says she doesn’t feel very well.
35. Tomorrow afternoon, Jill (spend) a couple of hours cleaning her flat.
36. Claire (sleep) in the tent in the garden, but she changed her mind because of the
storm.
37. According to this article in the paper, they (reduce) the price of air travel.
38. “I (not, be) able to believe it until (see) it with my own eyes,” said Thomas.
39. “She (be) much too early if she (leave) now.”
40. “Did you remember to send Nicholas his birthday present?” - “Well, I didn’t forget but
I didn’t have the time to go to the Post Office and so I (do) it this afternoon.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercises: Future Progressive
Put the following verbs into the correct tense—present or future—but use the future progressive wherever possible.
1. This time next week I (drive) ____________________________________ through France.
2. When he (phone) ________________________________, I (have) _______________________ my bath. Tell him I’ll phone back later.
3. “When you (phone) ____________________________ your father, tell him I’ve found an
interesting book for him.” – “Well, I (phone) ______________________ him tomorrow
as it’s Tuesday, so I (mention) _______________________________________ it to him then.
4. Well, I can’t write to her now because I (mow) ___________________________ the lawn at
the moment and I’ve got to finish doing this before it (start) ______________________________
to rain, but I (write) _________________________________ to her in the next few days anyway.
Can it wait until then?
5. Thank you ladies and gentlemen. Well, that’s all for now, but I (be) _______________ back in a week , and then I (sing)____________________some more songs for you.
6. It’s a pity that the holidays are almost over. A week today I (be)___________________________
______________ back in England and I (work) as hard as ever.
7. Although you haven’t seen me for ages, when I (fly) _______________________________________________________ back
next week, you (recognise) me immediately because I’ve got not changed at all.
8. “What are you plans?” (you, call) _______________________________________________________ to see us tonight?” – “I
(not, think) _______________________________________________________ so, not this time, but we might call next week.
9. Dear Sirs, I (be) _______________________________________________________ seventeen years old and I (look) ______________________ for a job because I (leave) ___________________ school in ten
weeks’ time. I wonder if you have a vacancy for me.
10. This time next week I (know) __________________________________ my exam results.

Ex.: Future Perfect
Put the following verbs into the correct tense. Use the present, will-future or the future perfect, but
choose the future perfect wherever possible.
1. By this time next year, I (build) _________________________________ my own boat.
2. By the end of the day, she (bake) ____________________________________ a dozen cakes.
3. He (finish) ____________________________________ cleaning the car in an hour’s time.
4. After they (shut) _________________________________________ the gates, they (not, let) ______________________________ anyone else in this evening.
5. When I (come) _________________________________ again, I (write) ___________________
the first chapter of my book. If you like, I (bring) _____________________ it with me
so you can have a look at it.
6. They (spoil) _____________________ the forests by the time the state (introduce)
______________________________ laws to stop air pollution.
7. Mrs Kennedy’s poodles (die) _________________________________ by the time she (realise_______________ that she should not have fed them on liver pâté, cream and
chocolate.
8. When we (get back) _________________________________, all the pubs (close) _________
_____________________ for the night.
9. “As soon as she (smell) my after-shave, she (think) _____________________________________ I’m the most attractive man alive.” – And as soon as she (clean) ________________ her
glasses, she (realise) _____________________________ you’re not.”
10. I (lose) _______________________________ all my hair by the time they (find) ___________
_____________________ a cure for baldness.
11.Hurry up! By the time you (phone) _____________________________________ the police, the burglar (flee) _______________________________________.
12. I (read) __________________________________ all these books by tomorrow night.
13. “I’m sorry you broke your leg when you fell of my ladder. When you (offer) ____
_________________ to come and paint my house next time, I (buy) _____________________
___________________ a new one.” – “There won’t be a next time ...”
14. This athlete (probably, break) _______________________________ all the existing records by
the end of the year.
15. If we don’t hurry, the film (begin) __________________________________ by the time we (get)
_______________________ there.

Present Perfect Simple
1. Formation
We form the present perfect with have/has + the past participle.
I have lost my keys.
She has not lost her keys.
Have you lost your keys?
2. Use
We use the present perfect to say that someone has done something or that something
has happened. The exact time is not important (or is unknown) and is not
mentioned. The action or event often has direct consequences for the present or
the future.
I’ve have seen that movie twenty times.
Some common phrases of time are just, already, always, never, rarely, seldom, before,
ever, lately, recently, often, still not, so far, up to now, not yet, yet?
Have you ever been to Ireland? I’ve been to Ireland four times so far.
The present perfect is used to express the idea that a state began in the past and
is still continuing. Some common phrases are always, all week, since and for.
I’ve had this car for two years.
The present perfect is used to express a finished action in an unfinished period
of time.
I have seen him this morning.
(I have seen him = finished; this morning = unfinished)
Note!
You cannot use the present perfect with expressions such as yesterday, one year ago,
last week, etc. You have to use the past simple because these expressions refer to a
specific point of time in the past. Compare the following two sentences:
I met a lot of people two days ago.
I’ve met a lot of people in the last few days.
Notice the difference between gone and been:
Fiona has gone to Wales. (Fiona is in Wales now.)
Fiona has been to Wales. (Fiona has been to Wales and come back.)

Ex._Present Perfect Simple
Eileen wants to go to drama school, but her parents are against it. Read her letter and search the text
and mark the adverb phrases of time that signal a) the present perfect and b) the past simple.

“I have always wanted to become an actress. I have often acted in
school drama productions and with the drama group in our town. I
have already written my own scripts and in 2002 I won the “Young
Actors’ Award”. My parents have tolerated this interest as a hobby,
but they have never taken it seriously.
Last year my parents persuaded me to stay on at school to do Alevels.
I have already told them that I want to go to drama school,
but they say it’s a dead-end job with very uncertain prospects. They
want me to study law. I’m a creative person – law would be the worst
thing I can imagine.
We have spoken a lot about my future recently, but they haven’t changed their views. They
have had no reason to be angry with me. So far I have done reasonably well in school. Up
to now my marks have been average or even better. My marks in English have always been
very good.
Two months ago I applied for a place at RADA (Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London).
I didn’t tell my parents. Last week I received a reply inviting me to go down for interview
and first audition. I have considered leaving home if I am offered a place. The
trouble is, it would cost a lot of money and my parents wouldn’t give it to me. How could I
possibly support myself?
I have just had a serious argument with my parents, although I have never really quarrelled
with them in my life before. Yesterday my friend said: “Have you ever done anything
that your parents didn’t want? Because if you haven’t, now is the time.” But I haven’t
had my 18th birthday yet.
I think I am afraid of the future, but I have not made up my mind yet about leaving home.
My parents want what’s best for me – but do they really know what that is? What shall I
do?”

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Present Perfect Progressive
1. Formation
We form the present perfect progressive with have/has + been + -ing.
I have been writing.
I have not been writing.
Have I been writing?
2. Use
The present perfect progressive is generally used with verbs which imply continuous
actions. Often these verbs describe actions which started at some time in
the past and have continued (almost) up to the present and/or will probably
continue into the future. Some common phrases of time are all day, the whole
morning, since and for.
Oh, have you woken up? You have been sleeping for more than ten hours.
Fiona has been working since early this morning and she hopes to finish soon.
We’ve been living in Cork for two years.
Patrick has been running. (Now he is out of breath.) now
We use the present progressive after recently, lately or How long…?
How long have you been playing the guitar?
Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
She has been watching too much television lately.
Note!
The negative form of the present perfect progressive is quite rare. It is usually
replaced by the negative form of the present perfect simple.
She hasn’t studied French since 2007.
If the number of times that an action has taken place (the result of the activity) is
given or implied, then the simple form is used.
She has written ten letters this morning.
Do not use the progressive form for an abrupt or sudden action
He has driven my car into a wall.

Ex.: The Present Perfect Tenses
For each situation, write two sentences using the words in brackets.
Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 44.
(read / for two hours)_________________________________________
(read / 44 pages so far)______________________________________________________________
Rachel is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her trip
three months ago.
(travel / for three months)____________________________________________________________
(visit / six countries so far)______________________________________________Patrick is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he
is national champion again – for the fourth time.
(win / the national championships / four times)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(play / tennis since he was ten)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
When they left college, Lisa and Sue started making films together. They still make films.
(make / five films since they left college)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(make / films since they left college)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Put the verb into the more suitable form, the present perfect simple or present perfect progressive.
1. Where have you been? (you, play) ________________________________________________________________________________________ tennis?
2. Look! (somebody, break) ____________________________________________________________________________________________that window.
3. You look tired. (you, work) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ hard?
4. (you, ever, worked) _________________________________________________________________________________ in a factory? – No, never.
5. Liz is away on holiday. – Is she? Where (she, go / be) _____________________________________________________________ ?
6. Sorry, I’m late. – That’s all right. (I, not wait) ______________________________________________________ long.
7. Is it still raining? – No, (it, stop) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
8. (I, lose) __________________ my address book. (you, see) __________________________ it?
9. (I, read) ____________________________________ the book you lent me, but (I, not finish)
___________________ it yet. It’s very interesting.
10. (I, read) _______________________________________________________________________ the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.

Ex.: The Present Perfect Tenses
Put the following verbs into the correct tense—either the present perfect simple or the present perfect
progressive, but use the progressive form wherever possible. Use any other information given, and
select for or since where necessary. Note the importance of certain keywords.
1. They (just, arrive) from New York.
2. We (already, eat).
3. I (now, study) your ideas, and I regret to say I cannot accept them.
4. They (live) there (for/since) December.
5. I (read) four books (since/for) I arrived here.
6. We (wait) (for/since) three o’clock.
7. I (already, write) to him, but he (not yet, reply).
8. It’s eleven o’clock and Helen (make) cakes all morning, but I (not, make) any.
9. He (not, work) there (for/since) the last year.
10. I (read) magazines all evening; so far I (read) seven.
11. How long (you, drive)?
12. She (not, do) a single thing all morning.
13. They (build) that house (for/since) more than a year and they (still, not, finish) it.
14. It’s May 30th and I (not, receive) a letter from him this month.
15. Come quickly! Your father (break) his arm.
16. I am awfully sorry, but I (drop) your clock. I hope it (not, break).
17. “Is John in?” – “No, I’m afraid he (be/go) to Margate.”
18. (you, stand) in the rain (for/since) all that time?
19. (you, not, ever, be/go) to San Francisco?
20. (Jim, fall) off his bike again? Oh, no!
21. I (never, see) a flying saucer (fliegende Untertasse) when I’ve been sober.
22.My sister (never, be/go) to Italy.
23. “Mr Mortimer (fish) all morning. So far he (catch) fifteen, but he (let) each one go
free.” – “Perhaps he (catch) the same one fifteen times.”.
24. She (just, lose) all her money.
25. This company (lose) money (for/since) ages.
26. Roger (just, break) his new watch.
27. I (already, say) this several times, but now I shall say it again.
28. I (often, hear) strange noises in the night.
29.Mrs Kensington (recently, notice) that her chauffeur prefers rock music to Brahms.
30. The next door neighbour’s dog (just, bite) the postman. It’s the third time that it
(bite) him.
31. You (come) too late, Doctor. The poor girl (just, die).
32. He (always, detest) travelling by bus, and he (never, like) travelling by car either.
33. Jane (see) the Loch Ness Monster five times.
34. A bee (sting) me!
35. The workers (now, finish) building that supermarket. Apparently it (take) them a lot
longer to build it than they thought it would.
36. That nice Dr Lindsay? No, officer, I (not, see) him or his vivacious wife (for/since)
ages.
37. She (only, know) Charles (for/since) she was sixteen, but they (live) in the same town
(for/since) they were born.
38. Old Mr Green (bring) me my newspapers (for/since) over fifteen years.
39. They (write) to me fourteen times (since/for) the beginning of the month.
40. She (work) on her book (for/since) last year, and she hopes to complete it by Christmas.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Past Simple
1. Formation
We form the past simple of regular verbs by adding -ed to the infinitive. But irregular
verbs have their own forms. We form negative statements and questions
with did.
I worked a lot.
She didn’t read my letter.
Did you call her?
2. Use
We use the past simple to say that something happened at a particular point of
time in the past (answering the question when?) or in a particular period of time
in the past (which is now over). The point or period of time can be mentioned, or
it may be clear from the context. Some common phrases of time are yesterday, in
1998, last year, an hour ago, etc. We also use the past simple (not the present perfect)
after When …?
Fiona passed her driving test in 1998.
When did you last see Patrick?
two days ago (now)
The past simple is also used in reports about past events and in stories.
It was late. Fiona turned off the TV and went upstairs. …
We use the past simple when giving more information about a past event we have
introduced in the present perfect. The past simple is used to give further details,
e.g. where and how something happened.
There has been an accident in Carlton Street. A van crashed into a bus.
The bus stopped abruptly and three people were injured.
When two or more (short) actions in the past come directly one after the other,
we use the past simple for all the actions.
The cat ran out when Joanne opened the door.

Exercises.: Present Perfect or Past Simple
Complete the mini-dialogues with the correct tense, present perfect or simple past. Look out for ‘signal words’.
Sean: I _________________________________________ (never, be) to Paris.
Jane: Oh,___________________________ (go) there last summer. I __________________ (do) a
language course there.________________________________ (make) a lot of new friends too.
Sean: And your French is fantastic.____________________ (you, ever,think) about studying there?
Jane: No, thanks. I’m quite happy with our British university system. I _______________ (apply) to London, Reading, Bristol and a couple more.
Sean: __________________________________________________ (you, hear) anything yet?
Jane: No, it’s too early. I only __________________________ (send off) the application forms
last week.
Jill: Rob and I ________________________________ (go) to that new Indian restaurant last night.
Pete: You mean the one in Hadley Road?
Jill: That’s right. ________________________________________ (have, you, ever) there?
Pete: Not yet. But Trish ___________________________________ (already, be) there twice—and
it ________________________________ (only, be) open a week. She __________
(love) the meal, especially the sauces. She says she _____________________________
(never, eat) such great Indian food. What ________________________________ (you, order)?
Jill: Well, I __________________________________ (have) tandoori chicken and Rob ______________________(order) lamb curry.
Ann: __________________________ (you, see) Pat recently? She _______________________________ (not, call) for over a week. I _______________________(not, see) her since her birthday.
Liz: Well, actually I ______________________________________ (just, speak) to her. She ____________________________________________ (be) very busy this week. You know that she ____________________________________ (start) her holiday job last Monday. Well, she __________________________________ (never, work) in an office before, so she ____________________________ (have to) learn a lot of new things this week.

Past Progressive
1. Formation
The past progressive uses was/were + -ing:
I was working.
She was not reading.
Were you listening to me?
2. Use
We use the past progressive to say that something was in progress (going on)
around a particular past time.
“What were you doing at eight o’clock yesterday?” – “I was watching TV.”
(NOT “What did you do …?” – “I watched TV.”)
I was watching TV at eight (now)
We often use the past progressive together with the past simple. The past progressive
refers to a longer ‘background’ action or situation; the past simple refers
to a shorter action or event that happened in the middle of the longer action,
or that interrupted it.
As I was walking down the road, I saw Patrick.
The phone rang while I was having dinner.
Because we often use the past progressive to talk about something that is a ‘background’,
not the main ‘news’, we can make something seem less important. Compare:
I had lunch with the President yesterday.
(important piece of news)
I was having lunch with the President yesterday, and she said…
(as if there was nothing special for the speaker about lunching
with the President.)
The past progressive is not the normal tense for talking about repeated or habitual
past actions. (Use the past simple here.)
I rang the bell six times.
When I was a child we made our own amusements.

Exercise: Past Simple or Past Progressive
Put the following verbs into the correct tense—either the past simple or the past progressive.
1. She (walk) down the street when she (see) her mother and stopped to say hello.
2. Helen (see) the old man and (go) to help him.
3. Coral (read) a book when the phone (ring).
4. When he (receive) her letter, he (stay) in Germany.
5. While he (look) out of the window, he (notice) that there was a man who (stand) on
the other side of the road.
6. The grocer (lock) up his shop, (get) on his bicycle and (go) home.
7. I (give) Claire her present and she (say) thank you.
8. The pirates (dig) a hole and (hide) the treasure in it.
9. While they (eat) their lunch, somebody (come) to the door.
10. When he (be) younger, he (grow) vegetables for the whole family.
11. Sarah (meet) Mrs Jones while she (do) her shopping.
12. (he, break) his leg while he (play) football?
13. She (drop) the glass because she (carry) too much.
14. Kate (meet) Maria while he (work) as a waiter in Benidorm.
15. Mr and Mrs Smith (lose) their passports while they (travel) through California.
16. All the time I (write) a letter, she (try) to practise the piano.
17. While I (be) in town yesterday, I (call) you four times.
18. This morning, as I (come) out of the house, the sun (rise).
19. He (steal) lots of cars before the police (catch) him.
20. What (you, do) all the time I (work) in the garden?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Past Perfect
1. Formation
We form the past perfect with had + the past participle.
I had written a letter.
She had not read my letter.
Had you worked?
2. Use
With the help of the past perfect we can express the idea that one past action
followed another. The action that happened first is in the past perfect.
Fiona had already left the coffee bar by the time I arrived.
Fiona had left when I arrived (now)
The past perfect is also used to refer to a state. The state began before a point of
time in the past and continued to that time.
When I visited Patrick in hospital, he had been there for ten days.
We use the past perfect for an action only when we need to emphasize that it
happened before another action. Compare:
When Patrick’s friends arrived, he had cooked the lunch.
When Patrick’s friends arrived, he cooked the lunch.

Exercise.: Past Perfect or Past Simple
Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using either the past perfect or the past simple tenses.
1. By the time we (get) _________________________ to the cinema the film (start)
_______________________________________, so we missed the first five minutes.
2. When I rang the bell there was no answer. The neighbour (tell)__________________ me that they (go out) _____________________ about half an hour ago.
3. I saw Casablanca for the first time last night. I (never, see) _______________________it before.
4. After I (have) _________________________ a huge lunch, I (feel) ___________
fat.
5. I spent a week in Miami recently. I (never, be) ______________________ there before.
6. There was so much to see in Toledo. I wanted to see everything but I (not, have)
_____________________ enough time.
7. She told me she (buy) ______________________________ a new car.
8. When he arrived, Eve wasn't there. She (leave) ________________ about five minutes before.
9. When we (arrive) _________________________________ back in Spain, they (lose)
________________________________________________ our luggage.
10. When I (get back) __________________________________, nobody (do) ______________the washing up. I was furious.
11. After he (start) ________________________ the lesson I (leave) ___________________.
12. I (be) __________________________ very happy after I (finish) ___________________
my lesson.
13. As soon as he (mend, reparieren) _________________ the old watch it (break)
_____________________________________ again.
14. Everybody (leave) ________________________________ the house by the time I (come)
______________________________________ home.
15. I (buy) ______________________________ a new car because some thieves (steal)
__________________________ my old one.
16. It (not, be) ___________________________ his first trip to the mountains, he (be)
________________________ there many times before.
17. My teacher (ask) _____________________________ me why I (not, do)
_________________________________ my homework.
18. She (not, know) ____________________________ him for a long time when she (marry)
_________________________________ him.
19. These shoes (be) _____________________________ very clean because our housemaid (clean)
__________________________ them.
20. Yesterday afternoon I (go) _________________________________ downtown and I (meet)
__________________________________ Peter.

Past Perfect Progressive
1. Formation
We form the past perfect progressive with had been + -ing.
I had been writing.
I had not been working.
Had she been writing?
2. Use
We use the past perfect progressive to express the idea that an action or event
had begun before a point of time in the past and continued up to (or almost up
to) that time.
Patrick had been travelling for three months when he ran out of money.
Patrick had been he ran out (now)
travelling of money

Exercise: Past Perfect Simple or Progressive
Complete the conversation with the correct verb form, past perfect simple or past perfect progressive.
Layla: Hi, Pete. How was the rock concert last night?
Pete: Well, when I was getting on the bus to go there, I realised that I _____________________ (forget) my money. So I had to get off again. I didn’t want to miss
the concert because I __________________________________ (look forward) to it for a few
weeks. So I ran, but when I got home, I realised that I __________________(not take) my keys with me either, so I couldn’t get in. I rang the
doorbell for ages, but everybody __________________________________________ (go) out.
So there I was – no money, no tickets, no keys. I thought about asking Will, but it’s
a long way to his house, and when I got there, I was really out of breath.
Layla: Let me guess, Will ____________________________________ (just spend) all his money. No,
I know. He ____________________________________________ (lend) it all to someone else.
Pete: Wrong. He hasn’t even been there. He ____________________________________ (not come)
home yet. His mother could see that I _____________________________________ (run), so
she asked me in and gave me a drink. She put the TV on for me a while I was
waiting. I _____________________________ (watch) stupid cartoons for twenty minutes
when I heard somebody come in. But it wasn’t Will. When he finally arrived, I________________________ (wait) for over half an hour. He said he___________________________ (take) bottles to the bottle bank for the neighbour
for some extra cash.
Well, after I ___________________________________________ (explain) the situation he gave me
some money and I rushed for the next bus. I __________________________________
(waste) so much time, and when I finally got there, my favourite band_________________________________________ (already play).

Tenses I
Read the whole story from beginning to end before starting to write in the answers. Then complete the text using the correct verb forms.
A Picnic Lunch
“________________________________________ (not, forget) ____________________ (bring) a
dozen eggs with you when you ___________________________ (come) home for lunch!” Jill_____________________________ (shout) after him. “I ______________________ (need)
them for the cakes _____________________________ (make) this afternoon.”
“I won’t” Steve ________________________________________ (cry back), and he
_______________________________________ (drive off) to work.
Jill was very happy with Steve. All right, he _____________________________ (not, earn) a
fortune ______________________ (drive) lorries but he _________________________________
(rather, do) that than ______________________________ (be) unemployed – and, of course he
was right.
On her way inside, she ___________________________ (sweep up) Jeremy the cat into
her arms and _________________________________ (hold) him close to her.
Half an hour later, the phone ____________________________________ (ring).
“Hello love. It’s Steve here. The boss _________________________________ (just, tell) me that
he _______________________________ (want) _____________________ (I, take) a lorry up to
Sheffield as soon as possible and return before it _______________________________ (get) dark.
Can you make me some sandwiches? You can! Good! In that case, I
___________________________ (pick up, them) on my way to the M1. See you in twenty
minutes. Bye!
Hurriedly, Jill _________________________ (look) _____________________________ (see)
what tins there were in the cupboard. “Corned beef?” she said to herself. “No! Ham? No.”
They _____________________________ (eat) ham the night before. “Salmon? Yes, and he___________________ (prefer) that to sardines.”
Fifteen minutes later, Steve arrived.
“Hello, beautiful! Mmm. Those sandwiches ___________________________ (smell) good!
I like _________________________________ (spoil)!” and, _______________________________ (kiss) her quickly, he ___________________________ (run back) to his lorry.

Jill then ________________________ (give) the remainder of the salmon to Jeremy,
and ___________________________ (postpone) _______________________________ (make) the
beds until she ______________________________ (do) the shopping.
An hour later, when she _____________________________ (return), there was Jeremy
____________________________________ (lie) on the garden path … unconscious …
“Good heavens! It must be that tin of salmon! And Steve! His sandwiches_________________________ (make) with the same salmon!”
With lightning reaction, she _____________________________________ (fly) to the phone
________________________________ (explain) the catastrophe to Steve’s boss, and he__________________________ (lose) no time at all calling the police. Jill then
___________________________ (ride) on her bicycle as fast as possible to the vet’s, where
Jeremy stomach _________________________________________ (pump out).
Meanwhile, a police car ____________________________ (race) up the motorway and trying
________________ (catch up with) Steve’s lorry. Finally, they
______________________________________ (find) him in a lay-by, where he _______________________(just eat) the last sandwich. Quickly _____________________ (explain) the situation to
him, the police ___________________________ (persuad) him to accompany them to hospital,
where he __________________________________________ (suffer) the same treatment as Jeremy.
That evening, shaken, but grateful that his life ____________________________________ (save),
Steve ___________________________________ (drive) home by the police.
The next morning the milkman ________________________________ (come) to the door.
“Good morning, Mrs Johnson,” he said. “I __________________________________ (come)_________________ (see) how your cat is.”
“Oh, he’s much better, thanks! But how ______________________________ (you, know) he
was ill?”
“Well, I’m the one who did it.”
“Did it? Did what?”
“Well, yesterday morning while I _______________________ (come) up the garden
path, I _______________________ (let) a bottle of milk ____________________________
(slip out) of my hand, and it ________________________________________ (fall) on the cat’s head. It_____________________________ (not seem) very well when I left it. I hope it’s all right.”

Tenses II
Read the whole story from beginning to end before starting to write in the answers. Then complete the text using the correct verb forms. Also supply during, for, since or while as necessary. (d/f/s/w)
Surprise Visit
It was four o’clock on a Friday afternoon in late November and it
____________________________ (already, get) dark when Mrs Simmons_____________________ (hear) a car pulling up at the bottom of the garden of her
isolated country cottage. _________________________ (raise) herself slowly from her armchair,
she _____________________________________ (go) over to the window and
__________________________________ (look) between the curtains. There, at the bottom of the
garden path, was her daughter, Julie, _______________________________ (wrap) in an enormous
fur coat, but ___________________________________ (look) cold nevertheless.
Mrs Simmons __________________________________ (turn) round and
__________________________ (move) slowly in the direction of the front door, her rheumatism
preventing her from ______________________________________ (move) any faster.___________________________ (d/f/w) she _______________________ (walk) to the door,
her daughter _______________________________________ (begin) knocking.
“It’s all right,” she ______________________ (cry), “I ____________________________
(come)! I _______________________________ (let) you in as I _____________________
(unlock) the door. You know it’s stiff and _________________________ (need)
___________________________ (repair).
“Don’t worry, Mum,” ____________________________ (laugh) Julie’s voice from outside.
“I won’t knock the door down,” and she __________________________ (hide) the present in
her coat pocket.
The key turned in the lock and, when the door ___________________ (open),
the passage light _____________________ (shine) on Julie’s face.
“Happy Birthday, Mum! How are you?”
“Oh, Julie! This is a nice surprise! But why ______________ (you, not,
tell) me you ______________________________ (come) when you ____________________
(phone) last night?”
“Well, I ___________________________________ (not, know) if I ____________________
(be) able to leave work in time, but _______________________________ (d/f/w) I________________________ (drive) to the office this morning, I________________________________ (remember) my boss _____________________ (owe) me

an afternoon’s holiday, so he ____________________________ (let)
_________________________ (I, leave) at one.
A quarter of an hour later, they ____________________________ (sit) round a cosy fire
and ___________________________ (have) tea, when Mrs Simmons suddenly
_______________________________ (get up) and _________________ (draw) the curtains.
“I _________________________ (not, like) the curtains open at night,” she said to
Julie. “In fact I _____________________________ (hate) it. I always feel that I_________________________ (watch passive), although I know that is impossible in such a
quiet place as this. Anyway, my dear, tell me what _______________ (you, do)
recently. You are always in such a hurry on the phone, and I ________________________(not, have) a letter from you _______________________________ (d/f/s) you
__________________________ (fly) back from the States.
“Well, first of all, Mum, I ______________________ (bring) you this,” said Julie,
and she _______________________________ (take) the small parcel out of her coat pocket. “I
hope you _________________ (like) them. I ______________________________ (buy)
them __________________________________ (d/f/w) our trip to the States.”
“But, Julie, you shouldn’t have!” exclaimed her mother, unwrapping a box of scented
soaps. “They are lovely. But _______________________ (I, know) you were going to buy
me these, I ____________________ (tell) _________________________ (you, spend)
the money on the children.”
“Oh, don’t worry about that,” said Julie. “I ________________________________ (go back)
there after Christmas and, if you like, I ______________________________ (bring) you some
more. Now, what __________________ (I, do) lately? Not much really. Everything________________________ (go) all right at work for me at the moment, but George_______________________ (have) a lot of extra work because his boss is ill. Little Mary_______________ (just, start) swimming lessons, and____________________________________ (go) to the swimming baths as often as possible.
“Bill’s French _______________________________________ (get) better,” continued Julie, “and, if all
goes well, well, he __________________________ (go) to Paris at Easter with a group from
his school.”
Two hours later, ____________________________ (d/f/w) Julie________________________________ (say) goodbye to her mother, she noticed that it______________________________ (start) to snow.

Tenses III
Read the whole story from beginning to end before starting to write in the answers. Then complete the text using the correct verb forms. Also supply during, for, since or while as necessary. (d/f/s/w)
Every cloud …
Dear James,
It ________________________ (be) ages __________________________ (d/f/s/w) I
___________________________ (last, send) you a letter, and I ___________________
(feel) quite guilty about it _____________________________________ (f/s) some time, because I______________________ (write) to you a long time ago, but didn’t. However, here I
am in desperate need – and had I not been, I ____________________________ (not, know)
how long you _________________________________ (wait) for a letter from me!
Anyway ____________________________ (you, read) through the following description of
how my problem ______________ (arise)? And then, when you
_______________________ (finish), I _________________________________ (ask)
_______________________ (you, consider) a proposition and______________________________ (send) me an answer as soon as possible.
As you ________________________ (probably, remember), I_____________ (always, interest passive) in hill walking – ever______________________________________ (f/s) leaving school, in fact. Two years ago, for instance,
along with a couple of friends you ________________________ (once, meet), Jim and
David Barker, I _______________________________________ (take) a plane to Crete and we___________________________ (enjoy) a wonderful fortnight ________________________
(follow) mule tracks in the mountains there.
Then, in May of last year, all three of us _________________________the Pyrenees, where we _____________________________________________ (explore) a whole series of lost villages________________________________________ (d/f/w) a couple of months.
Earlier this year we _________________________________________ (decide)_____________________________________ (go) (walk) in Haute-Provence in France.
Everything ____________________ (arrange passive) and we ____________________________ (leave) England by air on May 5th. Unfortunately, however_________________________ (d/w) the second week in March, Jim and David______________________ (practise) _______________ (run) across Dartmoor
in preparation for an important competition, when David
_______ (slide) in some mud and ________________ (tear)a ligament.
Jim ________________________________________ (run off) ________________ (find) help,
but in __________________ (do) so, he himself _______________________________________
(break) a leg. By the time the rescue team __________________________ (arrive), both of
them ______________________ (suffer) badly from exposure. In the end, they
_____________________ (take passive) to hospital by helicopter and_____________________________ (spend) the first three days on the danger list. That was
nearly three weeks ago, and they __________________________ (just, advise passive) by
their doctors _______________________________ (not, go) on holiday next month – which
(mean) there are two air-tickets nobody _____________________________ (really, want).
__________ (you and Ann, like) _____________________________________ (take)
their place? I _____________________ (realise) this is rather short notice, but you_________________________________ (seem) ____________________________ (be) the only people
among all of my friends who ________________________ (rather, go) on a walking holiday
than (sit) on a beach whilst _________________________________ (wait) for their bodies____________ (turn) scarlet.
Anyway, if you _____________________ (like) the idea,
_____________________________ (write) and ______________________ (let)_____________________ (I, know) as soon as possible.
All the best,
Edward

Dear Edward,
What a superb idea! When you letter _________________________________ (drop through) our
letter box yesterday morning, we ____________________________________ (already, think) of_______________________________ (go) on holiday in May, but we _______________
(not, decide) where ______________________________________________ (go)!
We ____________________________ (never, be / go) to Haute-Provence before and we_______________________________________ (already, look) forward to ________________________ (go)there.___________________________________________ (send) us the details as soon as possible.
Best wishes!
James and Ann
P.S. _____________________________________ (we, know) earlier about Jim and David, we_______________________________________ (send) them a get-well card.

Tenses IV
In the following passage, write the correct and complete form of the given verb in the space provided.
Use any other elements included in the brackets in your reply.
Aunt Dorothy
“What on earth ___________________________ (you, think) ____________________________
(you, do)?” _________________________________________________ (come) the ear___________________________(split) cry from the top of the stairs.
There was no doubt about it – I had once more been caught in a most
_______________________ (embarrass) situation by my Aunt Dorothy, the only one of
my seven aunts whom, traditionally, I ______________________________ (always, try)____________________________________ (avoid) ___________________________ (for/since) the day I learnt to crawl.
The reason for this was simple: whenever, as a small girl, I ________________________
(involve passive) in some doubtful activity, fate ________________________ (generally,
arrange) that she ________________________________ (be) the one who__________________________ (discover) me at the worst possible moment.
I _________________________ (still, think) that, __________________________ (I, be) a
boy, she __________________________________ (not, may react) in the same way but, even on her
best days, Aunt Dorothy, who ____________________________ (die) in tragic circumstances
on my twenty-first birthday, ________________________________ (look) like some mythical
fire___________________________________ (breath) dragon that was on the point of
____________________ (launch) a merciless attack on the entire male species, and
she ____________________________ (never, can, accept) that a niece of hers should have
tomboy tendencies.
“Nice girls,” she ___________________________ (repeat) to me at least a dozen times day,
__________________________ (behave) like young ladies, and not like horribly muddy little
schoolboys who _____________________________________ (look) as if they_____________________ (just, come off) the rugby field.”__________________________ (during/while) I ____________________________________ (stand) there
at the bottom of the stairs, ____________________________________ (wish) I______________ (be) on another planet, I ___________________________________________ (realise)
that luck was definitely not on my side.
Conspiring against me were my _____________________________ (drip) raincoat – it______________________________ (rain) hard for over an hour – mud _______________________________ (cover) my boots – I _________________ (take) the short way back across three __________________ (plough) fields – and my bucket,
which ________________________________ (overflow) with dirty water – if I________________ (tell) her it was full of tadpoles, she_____________________________ (probably, go) hysterical.
In addition to which, there was my four-legged and ever-faithful companion, Rags, who
totally oblivious of the imminent storm that ______________________________ (about, burst)
inside the house, ___________________________________ (keep) ________________________________
(shake) the excess muddy water off herself in close proximity to some recently _______________
(apply) wallpaper. I _________________________________________
(already, know) in advance that I _________________________________ (must/have to, clean up)
the mess myself as soon as I _________________________________ (get) changed but, in the meantime,
I could sense that my dear Aunt Dorothy __________________________________________ (prepare) herself _____________________________________ (launch) into her inevitable sarcastic attack.
I ______________________________ (not, need, wait) long.
“My dear child,” she _________________________________________ (bellow) at me like a bull that_________________________ (just, make up) its mind _____________________________
(charge), “I ______________________________________ (never, see) anything so disgusting in all my life.___________________________ (you, like) ______________________ (explain) exactly
why you bear a _____________________________ (strike) resemblance to an underwater explorer
who __________________________ (lose) his diving suit?”

SO/SUCH/TOO/ENOUGH

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2483

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=3110

http://www.esoeonline.org/main-index/index-exercises/grammarexs/int/intsosuchtooenough.htm

EXERCISES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

Fill in the blanks with TOO or ENOUGH .-

1. I don’t have …….. money to go to the concert.

2. Have you got …… sugar in your coffee ?

3. I didn’t like the film; it was ……. slow.

4. I didn’t like the film ; it wasn’t quick …….. .

5. There isn’t ……. flour to make the cake.

6. We don’t have ……. time to finish the exercise.

7. I think there are ….. resources in the world to finish with poverty and starvation.

8. Do you think I’ve got …… qualifications to apply for the job ?

9. I can’t drink my tea; it is …… hot.

10. Can you lift that suitcase ? Is it not ……. heavy ?

11. l couldn’t eat the fruit. It wasn’t ripe …….. .

12. I can’t explain the situation; it ‘s ……. complex.

13. Do you think I am fit ……. to climb the Everest ?

14. There were not …… people to start the lecture.

15. I think you will have ……. with these sentences.

UNIT 1 RELATIVE CLAUSES

GRAMMAR & EXERCISES

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses

http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.relative.i.htm

http://www.autoenglish.org/generalgrammar/gr.relative.i.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns.htm

http://www.vivquarry.com/wkshts/relative1q.html

http://www.xtec.es/~ogodoy/sac/rephrasing/relclex1.htm

UNIT 2 MODAL VERBS

MEANING	TIME REFERENCE
MEANING	PRESENT / FUTURE	PAST
Ability	can	could
		was / were able to
		managed to
Possibility	may, might, could	would/might/could + have + pp (didn't actually happen)
Possibility	may, might, could	may/might/could + have + pp (don't know whether it happened or not)
Probability	will	---
Certainty	must, can't	must / can't + have + pp
Obligation	must, have to	had to
Necessity	have to, need to, need	had to / didn't have to
		didn't need to
		needn't have + pp
Advice	should, ought to, had better	should /ought to + have + pp (regret)
Requests	can, could	---
Requests	Would you mind + -ing ...?	---
Permission	can, could, may	---
Permission	Do you mind if I ...?	---
Offers	Shall I ...?	---
Suggestions	Shall we ...?	---
	Let's + V
	How about + -ing ...?
	Why don't we ...?

http://www.iesdamasoalonso.es/elynx/uploads/pdf/Modals-BAC1-GRA.pdf

Breve resumen en castellano

VERBOS MODALES ¿Qué significan y cuándo se utilizan?

Los significados de estos verbos son muchos y dependen del contexto. Pueden ir seguidos del

infinitivo (play,go, do) o del infinitivo perfecto (have played, have gone, have done). Si se utiliza el

infinitivo perfecto, entonces siempre se refiere a una acción acaecida en el pasado.

She may buy a new car

She may have bought a new car

You should listen to me

Youshould have listened to me

Can, Could, May, Might

Estos cuatro verbos modales significan “poder” hacer algo en sus diversos sentidos de capacidad

(ability), posibilidad (possibility), peticiones y permiso (request & permission). “Can” y “May” se

traducen por “puedo” y “Could” y “Might” por “podría”, pero hay que tener en cuenta varios aspectosfundamentales entre ellos.

Can / May (possibility)

I can watch the Simpsons tonight

(“Puedoverlos”, no hay problema)

I may watch the Simpsons tonight

(“Puede quelos vea”, no lo sé)

Can/ Could (ability)

la mayoría de los verbos modales, entre ellos “Can”, no tienen ni pasado ni otros tiempos verbales. Sin embargo, hay una excepción a esta regla. Si el verbo “Can”significa “poder” en el

sentido de capacidad, de saber hacer algo, “Could” expresa la idea de que se

podía hacer algo en el pasado.

She can resist a lot when running

(“Puede resistir mucho corriendo”

–

Presente)

She could resist a lot when running

(“Podía resistir mucho corriendo

–

Pasado)

Be able to

Significa “poder”, “ser capaz de” y sustituye a can en todas aquellas formas verbales de que este

verbo carece, sobre todo en el futuro.

I will never be able to pass my driving test.

Must, Have to

Tienen que ver con la idea de obligac

ión y sus significados son casi idénticos, “Must” significa “deber”

y “Have to” significa “tener que”.

must/have to study for the exam (misma idea)

De hecho, “Have to” sustituye a “Must” en todas aquellas formas de que este verbo carece, sobre

todo en el pasado y el futuro.

Michael had to go to the hospital because his father had an accident.

You will have to call the doctor if she has a temperature.

Sin embargo, en la forma negativa, ambos verbos significan cosas completamente distintas: mustn’t

indica que no se debe hacer algo (obligación de no hacer algo), mientras que don’t/doesn’t have to

indica que no se tiene por qué hacer algo, no es necesario (ausencia de obligación o necesidad).

You don’t have to speak so fast

(You needn’t speak so fast = “No tienes que...”

You mustn’t speak so fast

(It is your obligation not to speak so fast = “No debes...”)

Should, Ought to = “Debería”

Significan lo mismo y se utilizan para dar consejos, aunque “Should” es más frecuente.

They should drive more carefully

They ought to drive more carefully

Need to, Needn’t

Ambos indican la necesidad o no de hacer algo.

Patrick needs to take a shower more often

Sheila needn’t work so hard

Modales perfectos

Como ya hemos dicho, los modales seguidos del infinitivo perfecto (have+pp) se

refieren a un hechoya pasado. Hay muchas posibilidades, pero nos vamos a centrar en los siguientes casos:

Must have+pp

Indica que deduzco o concluyo que debe haber pasado algo. (seguro que...)

They haven’t arrived yet. They must have lost their way.

The teacher called Keith an idiot. He must have felt very angry.

May/Might have+pp

Indica la posibilidad de que puede haber pasado algo.

Lola may have talked to her ex-boyfriend but she didn’t tell me.

I might have read that book before, but I don’t remember.

Can’t have+pp or Couldn't have+pp

Indica que no me creo que haya pasado eso, no me entra en la cabeza.(seguro que no /es imposible que)

Tamara can’t have won a Grammy award. That’s impossible!!!

My brother can’t have said that. I just don’t believe it

Could, Should/Ought to have+pp

Indican que se podía o debería haber hechoalgo en el pasado, pero que no se hizo.

Michael is ill in bed.

You could have told me that

You should have told me that

You ought to have told me that

Shouldn’t/Ought not to, Needn’t have+pp

Indican que no se debería o no se necesitaba haber hecho algo enel pasado, pero que no obstante se

hizo.

You shouldn’t have drunk so much

You ought not to have drunk so much

You needn’t have drunk so much to enjoy the party

(“No necesitabas...”, pero bebiste)

You needn’t have brought blankets

(“No necesitabas haber traído sábanas”, pero las trajiste).

MODAL VERBS (THEORY AND EXERCISES) 1º y 2º BACHILLERATO

Un verbo modal es aquel que se usa en combinación con un verbo principal para expresar obligación, prohibición, capacidad o habilidad para realizar alguna tarea, para hacer recomendaciones, etc.

Ex. Ralph can speak three languages.

You know you shouldn´t smoke, so why do you do it?

Son verbos incompletos, es decir, les faltan tiempos verbales. No tienen participio ni infinitivo. Al faltarles tiempos, utilizan otros verbos para completar su conjugación. Así, “can” se completa con “be able to” , “must” con “have to”, etc.
No llevan -s en la tercera persona del singular del presente simple, excepto el verbo “have (got)” y “be able to”.
Todos van seguidos de un verbo en infinitivo sin “to” , excepto “ought to”, “have to”, “be able to” y “used to”.
Como no necesitan verbo auxiliar, construyen la interrogativa invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y el verbo, y la negativa añadiendo “not”.
Nunca uses “do, does, o did” en las preguntas en las que ya estén otros verbos modales como “can, must, etc..

OBLIGACIÓN

Must (deber, tener que): “you must train very hard if you want to be a successful athlete”.
Have to (tener que): “I have to get up at six every morning except Sundays”.

NOTA: “must” se utiliza para dar órdenes, mandatos, obligaciones. Si el que habla desea suavizar esta autoridad, se suele usar “have to”. “Have to y must” se complementan porque tienen un significado similar. Por ello se utiliza “have to” en todos los tiempos que faltan a “must” (por ejemplo, “had to” es el pasado de” must” y “will have to” sería el futuro de “must”).

PROHIBICIÓN

Mustn´t (no deber): “ You mustn´t make a noise during the exam”.
Aren´t/weren´t allowed to (no estar permitido/no estaba permitido): “Teachers aren´t allowed to smoke inside the school”.
Can´t/couldn´t (no poder/ no podíamos): “You can´t take photos using a flash in this museum”.

NOTA: “Mustn´t” es el modal más usual para indicar prohibición.

3. NECESIDAD

Need (necesitar): “We need to buy some butteries for the camera”.

PERMISO (pedir y dar permiso)

Can (poder): “I hate that song! Can I put something different on?” “Yes, you can.”
May (poder): “May I use your computer ? Yes, you may”.
Could (podría): “Could I use your computer?
Are/were allowed to (permitir): “My sister is allowed to use a dictionary in her translation exams at university. Incredible!”.

NOTA: “Can, could y may” son los modales más comunes para pedir y dar permiso. “Can y could” se utiliza en un contexto informal y “May” se utiliza en un contexto formal.

AUSENCIA DE OBLIGACIÓN O DE NECESIDAD

Needn´t (no necesitar): “You needn´t give me back my camera until I go on holiday next month.”
Don´t have to/didn´t have to (no es necesario que ):”Jimmy doesn´t have to retake any exams; he passed them all first time.

NOTA: En este sentido “don´t have to” tiene un sentido más fuerte que “needn´t”.

En este contexto “have to” necesita el auxiliar ”DO” para interrogar y negar (you don´t have to……/do you have to ….?)

RECOMENDACIONES, SUGERENCIAS, CONSEJOS, OPINIONES

Should (debería):”Brian should buy a new computer”
Ought to (debería): “Bob ought to be more careful when he is driving: he is a real danger to pedestrians.
Could (podrías):” You could ask your parents to lend you some money if you haven´t got enough.

NOTA: “Should” es el modal más común para indicar una recomendación. Es prácticamente idéntico a “ought to” , pero este verbo no es tan frecuente como should.

HABILIDAD, CAPACIDAD Y CONOCIMIENTO (PRESENTE)

Can (saber):” Marty can play the guitar better than anyone I know”.

NOTA: El verbo que puede sustituir a “can” en este uso es “know how to” (do you know how to cook good Mexican food?)

8. HABILIDAD, CAPACIDAD Y CONOCIMIENTO (PASADO)

Could (sabía): “She was a gifted child and could read when she was only three years old.
was/were able to (fue capaz de,pudo ): “I was abroad on holiday at the time of the general Election but I was able to vote by post.”

NOTA: Cuando nos referimos a una habilidad que se tuvo en una ocasión concreta del pasado se utiliza “was able to”.

9. AUSENCIA DE HABILIDAD O CAPACIDAD EN EL PRESENTE

Can´t (no sabe):”My father can´t drive but my grandmother can.

AUSENCIA DE HABILIDAD O CAPACIDAD EN EL PASADO

Couldn´t ( no sabía/no podía):”Did you know that Einstein couldn´t speak fluently until he was nine?
Wasn´t/weren´t able to “no fue capaz de/no pudo); “Despite playing well, they weren´t able to score the goals they needed to qualify”.

POSIBILIDAD/INCERTIDUMBRE

Se utiliza “might, may o could” + infinitivo para hablar de posibilidad en el futuro o de posibilidad referida a actividades presentes.
May (puede que, tal vez): “Some students may fail the exam”.
Might (pudiera ser que): “They might go to the opera, but they prefer rock concerts.
Could (podría): “He could be at a friend´s house”.

NOTA: “Could” es menos frecuente que “may y might”

“Might” es una posibilidad más incierta que “May”

Se emplea may, might o could + be+ Ving para hablar de actividades que pueden estar ocurriendo en el momento de hablar (Joe might be doing his homework or he could be watching the football on tv.

DEDUCCIONES

Una deducción consiste en llegar a una conclusión a través de una interpretación lógica que se apoya en algún tipo de evidencia. Algunas veces la conclusión es muy probable (estamos seguros de ella o casi seguros) y otras veces, más que ser una conclusión probable, se trata de una conclusión posible (no estamos muy seguros de ella).

Must + V infin. (debe ): para referirnos a conclusiones probables expresadas en forma afirmativa de las que estamos seguros o casi seguros. Ex.”Pamela isn´t a t home and I know she works a lot. She must be at work.
Can´t + V infinit (no puede): para referirnos a conclusiones probables expresadas en forma negativa de las que estamos seguros o casi seguros. Ex.”Teresa can´t like dancing very much. She hardly ever dances when I see her at the disco.
Must/can´t+ be+ Ving : para expresar conclusiones probables de las que estamos seguros o casi seguros y que se refieren a hechos que están ocurriendo en el momento de hablar.Ex: “Chris is very quiet, isn´t he? Yes, he must be thinking about something.

HACER OFRECIMIENTOS

Can: “Can I help you” (¿Te puedo ayudar?) INFORMAL
Will: “Never mind, I will pick you up tomorrow morning. (No te preocupes, te recogeré mañana por la mañana). FORMAL
Would: “Would you like anything from the shop? (¿Querrías algo de la tienda?) FORMAL

PEDIR A OTRA PERSONA QUE HAGA ALGO

Can/could. Ex. “Can/could you close the door?” INFORMAL
Will/would. Ex. Would/will you close the door, please? FORMAL

EXPRESAR HÁBITOS Y RUTINAS EN EL PASADO

Would: “When I was a child we´d go to Scotland every summer” ( Cuando era un niño íbamos a Escocia todos los veranos).
Used to: “She used to play with me in the playground when we were at school. (Jugaba conmigo en el patio cuando estábamos en el colegio).

OFRECERSE UNO MISMO PARA HACER ALGO

Shall: “shall I carry your bags?(¿Te llevo las bolsas?) FORMAL
Can: “Can I carry your bags? (¿Puedo llevarte las bolsas?) INFORMAL

NOTA: “Shall” se utiliza sólo con la primera persona (I/we).

MODALES PERFECTOS

Se forman añadiendo al modal un infinitivo perfecto, cuya estructura es “have + Vparticipio -ed, si es regular o la tercera columna de los verbos irregulares. Se usan para referirnos a acciones pasadas.

Needn´t + have +Vparticipio (no necesitaba haber/ no tenía que haber…): para señalar que una persona hizo algo aunque esto no hubiera sido necesario.Ex: “She needn´t have taken a taxi. I would have picked her up if she had phoned me.
Should/ought to + have + Vparticipio (debería haber …): para indicar que una acción fue poco sensata o que no se siguió un consejo en el pasado.Ex: “He should have locked the door.
May/might/could + have + V participio (puede/podría haber …): para hablar a cerca de hechos que posiblemente ocurrieron en el pasado, pero no tenemos certeza absoluta. Si usamos “might”, la suposición es incluso más remota. Ex: She may have made a mistake
Must + have + Vparticipio (debe haber…): Para expresar una conclusión probable expresada en forma afirmativa y que se refiere a un hecho del pasado.Ex: Ferry said he woul phone me but he didn´t. He must have forgotten.
Can´t + have + Vparticipio (no puede haber…): Para expresar una conclusión probable expresada en forma negativa de la que estamos seguros o casi seguros y que se refiere a un hecho del pasado.EX: I saw Carolina in the street today. She can´t have gone on holiday yet.

1. CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

You (may/must) eat three nutritious meals a day if you want to be healthy.
We in France this summer. (Would/ could) we spend a few days with you?
You (shouldn´t/should) be respectful of the elderly.
If you want to have dinner at the restaurant, you (are ableto/ ought to) book a table in advance.
In order to be accepted to university, you (might/have to) have good marks in your exams.

2. FILL IN THE CORRECT FORM OF THE MODALS FROM THE LIST BELOW. THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWER.

Should/ought to/ must/ can/ might/ musn´t/ may

The computer is a wonderful invention, however you __________ use it carefully. In order to avoid losing documents, you __________ always save everthing you type. In addition, you ___________ print out a copy of all important documents. One of the greatest fears of computer users is a virus. There are certain dates on which you ________ turn on your computer for fear of infection. Your computer ________ get a virus if you insert used diskettes, so you __________ try to avoid doing so. Moreover, you _______ want to buy an anti-virus program.

3. CHOOSE THE MOST APPROPIATE SENTENCE.

1. We could have bought the house for less money.

a. We really should. B. It is a pitty we didn´t

2. I advised him to spend more time on his studies. Now he is sorry he didn´t listen.

a. He should study more. B. He should have studied more.

3. David would have booked you a ticket.

a. Why didn´t you ask him to? B. Why don´t you ask him to?

4. I am an only child. I am sorry my parents had no more children.

a. My parents should have had more children. B. My parents must have had more children

5. He didn´t come to our meeting yesterday.

a. He must have had another meeting b. He must have another meeting

4. TRANSLATE THESE SENTENCES INTO ENGLISH

Podriamos haber ido a ver una pelicula.

Deben terminar antes de las 6.

¿Qué piensas que deberia haber hecho?

5. REWRITE EACH SENTENCE USING A MODAL O MODAL PERFECT.

1.Drinking alcohol while you drive is prohibited by law.

You...

2. Perhaps i will go to the cinema.

I...

3.I am not able to get up early in the morning.

I...

4.I suggest you sleep at least seven hours the night before a big exam

You...

5.It is a pitty we didn´t spend our last holiday in the country.

We...

6.I don´t think I told you all the news.

I...

7.It was wrong of the manager to employ 13 year old children

The manager...

8.He is late for work again. He probably woke up late.

He...

6. ERROR CORRECTION

1.You must to save all the documents on your computer.

2. My father might had helped you yesterday if you had asked.

3. Victor should spent more time studying for yesterday´s exam

4.Young people today ought be more polite to their parents.

5.Noemi can have completed the assignment on time if she had tried.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORDS.

This is top secret. You (mustn´t/don´t have to) tell anybody.
Look at those clouds. I think it (must/might) rain soon.
Do you have toothache? Don´t you think you (should/have to) go to the dentist?
I would like to talk to you . (May/Would) I call you at home?
When she was younger, she (can/could) run much faster.
It was very difficult, but Danny (might/ was able to) get a ticket for the football match

CHOOSE THE MOST APPROPIATE SENTENCE TO FOLLOW EACH EXAMPLE

We could have gone to see a film.

What a pity we didn´t go b. Why don´t we go?

I should have studied for the exam

a. I knew all the answers b. I didn´t know any of the answers

They have been looking forward to the party all week, but they aren´t here yet.

a. They couldn´t have forgotten about it b. They couldn´t forget about it

He still hasn´t arrived

a. He must take the wrong turning b. He must have taken the wrong turning

You could have helped her when she asked you to.

Why don´t you? b.. Why didn´t you?

Believe me, I would have visited her

a. I just didn´t have the time b. I just won´t have the time

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING MODAL PERFECTS.

My motorbike has disappeared.

Someone _______________________________________________________

It is possible she told you a lie.

She ____________________________________________________________

Perhaps he called me, but I was out earlier He______________________________________________________________

It was wrong of you not to apologise to her.

You ________________________________________________________________

CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION.

When David was three years old he __________ write his own name.

1. must 2. could 3. is able to

B. In my opinion, Sheila ___________ apologise for her rude behaviour.

1. should 2. have to 3. can

C: Pupils ____________ smoke in the school grounds. It is forbidden.

1. couldn´t 2. needn´t 3. musn´t

D. The bus _________ be late because of the heavy rain.

1. should 2. might 3. can

E. I´m sorry, I ____________ help you. I don´t know anything about cars.

1. shouldn´t 2. can´t 3. needn´t

11. CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORDS:

Look at these clouds. I think it (must/might) rain soon.
Do you have toothache?Don´t you think you (should/have to) go to the dentist?
I would like to talk to you. (May/Would) I call you at home?
When she was younger, she (can/could) run much faster.
It was very difficult , but Danny (might/was able to) get a ticket for the football match.

12. WHAT DO YOU USE TO EXPRESS:

ability in the present and in the past.

Obligation
A request
Possibility in the future
Prohibition
Advice.

13. CHOOSE THE CORRECT MODAL VERB.

My brother could walk/might walk before he started talking.
You have worked very hard. You could be /must be tired.
Helen musn´t do/couldn´t do her homework, because she was ill.
The weather forecast says it may rain/should rain tomorrow.
I´ll try to finish, but I can´t have/ might not have enough time.
Jim always goes on holiday to the same place. He might like/must like it there.

14. TRANSLATE THESE SENTENCES INTO SPANISH.

¿Podría utilizar tu ordenador?( A un amigo)_________________________________________

¿Puede usted abrir la ventana? (A una persona mayor)

Puede que vayamos al campo el próximo fin de semana. Incluso podríamos ir al extranjero.

Mis amigos deben vivir ya en su nueva casa pero puede que no hayan llevado los muebles todavía.

________________________________________________________________

No debes comer chicle en clase. Está prohibido.

¿Vamos al cine esta tarde?

¿Haría usted el favor de cerrar la puerta?

¿Podemos irnos hoy antes? (al jefe)_____________________________________________________________

¿Puedes ayudarme, papá?___________________________________________

¿Podría usted traer los ejercicios, Mr Smith?____________________________

¿Leo yo el texto? _________________________________________________

Tendría que tomar más verduras usted. (a un paciente).________________________________________________________

No puedes hablar alto en clase. (A un estudiante)_______________________________________________________

Puede que vivan cerca. _____________________________________________

Podría ser que vinieran. _____________________________________________

¿Puedes darme un par de euros? (A un amigo)___________________________

¿le abro la puerta? ________________________________________________

HOW DO YOU SAY:

Mandar u obligar a hacer algo.________________________________________
Ofrecerse a hacer algo. _____________________________________________
Pedir permiso.___________________________________________________
Dar consejo.___________________________________________________
Pedir a otra persona que haga algo.________________________________
Ofrecerse uno mismo a hacer algo._______________________________
Para prohibir algo.___________________________________________
Posibilidad de que algo ocurra.__________________________________
Imposibilidad con respecto al presente.__________________________
Certeza respecto al presente. __________________________________

16. CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION.

Students in modern secondary schools in the UK.

Sometimes feel that they have to/should to complain about homework, but life isn´t too bad. It is true that they can´t/must study a lot, but 50 years ago schools were stricter. Students mustn´t/weren´t allowed to speak without permission and had to/needn´t show teachers a lot of respect. Teachers and head teachers are able to/could use corporal punishment if students broke the rules. Also, in many boarding schools and private schools, senior students (older) need to/were allowed to hit junior students (younger). Juniors had to/must obey the seniors. The seniors could/must tell the juniors to clean their shoes or make their beds. This might/can´t seem strange to teenagers today, but school authorities thought that juniors should/ought to learn how to serve. Fortunately, young people nowadays needn´t/mustn´t worry about that.

17. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:

1.A policeman stopped Mr West for driving through a red light.

He told Mr West that he may have/must have /ought to have stopped at the light.

A man is waiting for the results of a driving test.

He thinks he may have/ought to have/shouldn´t have failed.

Sally feels ill.

She shouldn´t have/could have/might have eaten so much at the party.

My friend didn´t meet me at the restaurant

He must have/might have/could have called to tell me that he wasn´t coming.

The Browns are stepping into a new car.

They may have/must have/should have bought a new car.

18. FILL IN THE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE FORM OF “SHOULD HAVE, MUST HAVE OR COULD HAVE” TOGETHER WITH THE VERB IN BRACKETS

Jim Kelly loves camping.He remembers an early camping experience. “We packed up to leave at 5.00. We _________________(stay) longer because it was so cold. We picked up all the litter carefully, but we ______________(pay) more attention to our fire. We ______________(leave) the forest without checking that the fire was out. We ______________(notice) that the fire was still burning.

One of the campers looked back and saw leaves burning near the campfire. The wind __________________(blow) the leaves onto the fire. We rushed back and threw water onto the flames. We were lucky that we saw the burning leaves. It __________________(easily cause) a disaster.”

19. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:

It was wrong of Dan not to warn us about the danger.

Dan could have/must have warned us.

There was absolutely no reason for them to come late.

They shouldn´t have/should have come on time.

I´m sure that I told you what happened.

I might have/must have told you what happened.

It´s possible that she left her sweater on the bus.

She must have/may have left her sweater on the bus.

Someone may have told him the bad news.

He ought to have/might have heard the bad news.

They didn´t write although they had our new address.

They could have/might have written.

20. TRANSLATE THESE SENTENCES INTO SPANISH.

Yo no puedo leer esta carta porque he perdido mis gafas graduadas.

Después de tomar un pequeño descanso, nosotros fuimos capaces de continuar.

Cuando era un niño, él podía bailar como un profesional.

Nosotros podremos viajar a Madrid mañana. El coche está funcionado ahora.

Todos los niños menores de 16 años deben ir al colegio.

Los conductores deben tener una licencia para conducir antes de que ellos conduzcan solos.

Aunque hace sol, puede que mañana llueva. Coge el paraguas y el chubasquero si mañana vas de viaje.

María puede visitarnos la semana próxima, pero no estoy muy seguro.

Nosotros no necesitamos acabar los deberes hoy. Son para el próximo jueves.

Nosotros tuvimos que caminar a casa porque perdimos el último autobús anoche.

Yo tengo que acostarme temprano durante la semana, pero yo no tengo que acostarme temprano los viernes por la noche.

21. REWRITE THESE SENTENCES REPLACING THE UNDERLINED WORDS.

Can/can´t/could/couldn´t/must/needn´t

I am not able to get up very early in the morning.

You don´t have to shout- I am not deaf.

I have to get a new passport before the summer.

When he was younger, he was able to run much faster.

She is able to help you with your project.

She doesn´t have to return the book today.

Drivers have to observe the speed limit.

Their parents weren´t able to pay for extra lessons.

22. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

Ron doesn´t feel well. He ___________ see a doctor.

a. should b. had to c. ought to

When the children were young, they ________ speak English. Unfortunately, they don´t remember any of it.

a. must b. could c. might

It ________ rain tomorrow. Take umbrellas and raincoats with you on your trip.

a. can´t b. may c. must

I ______ speak four languages. My parents taught me all four.

a. can b. need c. should

Although I broke my finger, I __________sign my name.

a. was able to b. have to c. couldn´t

You ________ review the work done in class or you will forget it.

a. should b. may c. needn´t

you __________eat so quickly. You will get a stomach-ache.

a. can´t b. doesn´t have to c. shouldn´t

As a child, he _________ dance like a professional.

a. can b. could c. is able to

They _________ travel to London tomorrow.

a. can´t b. will be able to c. couldn´t

Yesterday, I _________ enter the computer room because I had a special key.

a. was able to b. could c. can

23. THESE ARE THE SCHOOL RULES. REWRITE THEM USING “MUSTN´T, DON´T HAVE TO, MUST, NEEDN´T, SHOULDN´T”.

Pupils are not allowed to leave the school before classes are over.

Pupils are not allowed to stay in the classroom during breaks.

Pupils are obliged to wear the school uniform every day.

Pupils are not obliged to wear closed shoes. They may wear sandals instead.

Pupils are obliged to participate in gym classes.

Pupils are not obliged to participate in competitive sports games.

Pupils are advised not to leave expensive things in the classrooms.

24. COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES USING “ TO BE ABLE TO, SHOULD, OUGHT TO, MUST, HAVE TO, NEED”

You have burnt yourself. You ________be more careful.
We ______________ leave soon. The last bus leaves in 10 minutes.
I _________________ see you tomorrow. I will have some free time then.
You _______________ rush. There is plenty of time. The film only starts in two hours.
You _______________ be quiet in the library. It is forbidden to make a noise..
We ___________ walk home because we missed the last bus last night.
The police ______________ catch the thief as he was climbing out of a window.
Parents ____________keep medicines way from children. Cleaning fluids are also dangerous.
Paul _____________ drive the car because his mother has broken her hand.
You ___________ worry. I will take care of the children.
You ____________ see a dentist regularly. Then, you will have healthy teeth.

25. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH MUST, MUSTN´T, HAD TO, NEEDN´T.

You _________ throw things out of the car window.
You _________ hurry; we have got plenty of time
The doctor says she _________ stop smoking
He forgot his hat, so he _________ run back home to get it.
You ___________go shopping right now; You can go later.
The matter is very important; you ____________allow me to see the manager right away.
She _________ do her homework last night because she didn´t have time during the day.
After her illness last year, she __________ be very careful not to catch a cold.
Everyone _______ carry some form of identification with them.

26. REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH THE APPROPIATE MODAL.

Perhaps it will rain today. (may)It____________________________
It´s a good idea to take some money with you. (should). You__________________________________________________
It´s not necessary to clean your room right now. (need)

You ______________________________________________________

I suggest you say goodbye before you leave. (should)

You ______________________________________________

You know how to do that by yourself. (can)

You _____________________________________________

Parents have an obligation to teach their children the difference between right and wrong.(must)

Parents _____________________________________________

It is necessary for Dad to get up very early tomorrow morning.(have to ).

Dad_____________________________________________________

In the future, children will know how to use computers before the age of five. (to be able to)

In the future children _______________________________________

It is forbidden for boys to ride skateboards in the street. (must).

The boys __________________________________________________

It is not necessary to be rich in order to be happy. (have to)

You _______________________________________________________

http://www.webcolegios.com/file/5e329e.pdf

http://www.ispilledthebeans.com/exercises/PDF/exercisesmodalverbs.pdf

http://inglesloscerros.wikispaces.com/3+Modal+Verbs

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal1.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal2.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal3.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal4.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal5.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal6.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal7.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal8.htm

http://www.inglesmundial.com/B12/grammar.htm

http://english.baladre.org/sedaviwebfront/hadbetter.htm

http://www.better-english.com/easier/must2.htm

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/4g3-modals-deduction-exercise.php

http://www.eflworksheets.com/onlineexercises/elementary/grammar/obligation1.htm

http://www.aulafacil.com/CursoIngles/Ejercicios43.htm

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/2g8-must-have-to-difference.php

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/2g9-mustnt-dont-have-to-

difference.php

http://www.english-zone.com/verbs/can-cant.html

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/could/exercise4.swf

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/wish1.htm

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/wishes.htm

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/wish2.htm

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/lang/es/exercise.asp?exid=917

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/lang/es/exercise.asp?exid=914

http://www.english-4u.de/modal_verbs_ex1.htm

http://www.english-4u.de/modal_verbs_ex2.htm

http://www.english-4u.de/modal_verbs_ex3.htm

http://www.english-4u.de/modal_verbs_ex4.htm

UNIT 3 THE PASSIVE VOICE

Active / Passive Overview

	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

GRAMMAR

http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/vozpasiva.htm

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/passivevoice.html

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/3g3-get-passive.php

EXERCISES

EASY:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?03

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?04

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-present

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-past

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?present-perfect

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?future-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?05

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?06

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?07

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?08

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?09

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?present-progressive

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?past-progressive

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?past-perfect

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?future-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?conditional-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?conditional-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/writing/summary/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/hadrians-wall

http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/active-passive.html

http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_passive2.htm

+ DIFFICULT

http://www.scribd.com/doc/3546268/Active-and-Passive-Voice-Exercises

http://wwwedu.ge.ch/cptic/prospective/projets/anglais/exercises/passive4.htm

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-passive_voice.asp (+10 EXERC)

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/3g8-passive-verb-patterns.php

http://www.eflnet.com/grammar/passive1.php

http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/active-passive.html

http://www.ilv.ucl.ac.be/gramlink-an/exercices/passif/passif03.htm

http://cerezo.pntic.mec.es/~egome24/PASSIVE.htm

http://www.esl-classroom.com/grammar/passive1.html

http://www.esl-classroom.com/grammar/passive2.html

http://www.esl-classroom.com/grammar/passive3.html

http://www.esl-classroom.com/grammar/passive4.html

http://www.esl-classroom.com/grammar/passive5.html

http://www.esl-classroom.com/grammar/passive6.html

HAVING THINGS DONE/MANDAR HACER ALGO

THE CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE

Have /get + objeto + participio pasado = I have /get my watch mended

A. Se usa un verbo causativo para expresar las acciones que encargamos a alguien.

She always has her food delivered (en lugar de traerla ella, pide a alguien que se la traiga)

I got my phtograph taken for my passport (otra persona me hizo la foto)

Esta estructura tiene un significado pasivo, puesto que el sustantivo que va en medio recibe la acción expresada por el verbo en participio.

Nota:

a) get también indica que el objeto realiza personalmente la acción o se implica mucho en su ejecución.

When I get my homework done, I’ll match TV

b) have es un poco más formal que get y get es más frecuente que have en la forma imperativa.Example: Get your bedroom tidied at once!

Nótese la diferencia entre:

a) I’m going to have/get this chair restored

b) I’m going to restore this chair

En la frase a) yo voy a llevar la silla a alguien para que efectúe la restauración, mientras que en la b) soy yo mismo quien la efectúa.

B. Si quisiéramos mencionar quién hace la acción, podríamos añadir by + el agente al final de la frase.

Susan had her car repaired by a mechanic (Susan llevó el coche a un mecánico para que se lo arreglara)

C. El verbo causativo puede usarse prácticamente en cualquier tiempo, incluso en las formas continuas.

We’re having our house painted this week

Jack will be getting his messages sent by e-mail from now on

TENSE	HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
Present Simple	I have/get my hair cut.
Past Simple	I had/got my hair cut.
Present Continuous	I'm having/getting my hair cut.
Past Continuous	I was having/getting my hair cut.
Present Perfect	I have had my hair cut.
Past Perfect	I had had my hair cut.
will	I will have my hair cut.
must	I must have my hair cut.
be going to	I'm going to have my hair cut.

D. La interrogativa y la negativa se forman como las de cualquier otro verbo

Do you have your car serviced regularly?

Did he get his house redecorated last week?

You won’t have your eyes tested next week

I’m not getting my hair cut today.

E. En situaciones en las que se quiere indicar que algo desagradable ha ocurrido en el pasado se suele usar have + objeto + participio

He had his car broken last week

I had my finger bitten during the fight

She had his mobile phone stolen while she was playing in the playground

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/participles/exercises?08

http://www.eoioviedo.org/anacarmen/passive/causative%20verbs.pdf

http://www.english4all.pro.br/intermhavegetdone.htm

http://mbonillo.xavierre.com/httpdocs/exercises/bch2/2bch2009/huesorph2bch1.htm

UNIT 4 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES/ IF-CLAUSES

	IF-CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	MEANING
General conditions ("Zero" Conditional)	Simple present	Simple present	General laws; things that are always true
Possible conditions (1st Conditional)	Simple present	WILL + V (also CAN, MAY, MUST & imperatives)	Probable future result
Hypothetical conditions (2nd Conmditional)	Simple past	WOULD + V (also COULD / MIGHT)	Imaginary situation in the present or future
Impossible conditions (3rd Conditional)	Past Perfect	WOULD HAVE + pp (also COULD / MIGHT)	Imaginary situation in the past
*UNLESS* can be used with the meaning "IF ... NOT" in general and possible conditions only.

Other structures

As long as, providing (or provided that) and on condition: these expressions meanonlyifand can be used with the same verb forms as conditional sentences:
In Spain you can drive a car as long as you are 18
Inversion of subject and verb: this structure is very common in formal English in conditional sentences with should and the past perfect. When inversion is used, we omit if:

Had I known about the transport strike, I would have taken my car.

Should you meet Sheila, tell her the meeting has been postponed.

GRAMMAR LINKS / GRAMÁTICA DE FRASES DE CONDICIONAL (IF-CLAUSES)

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.htm

http://www.kfmaas.de/gram_if.html

http://www.scribd.com/doc/4785983/Aulas-09-e-10-if-Clauses-Conditionals

EXERCISES

EASY

ZERO TYPE

http://www.nspeak.com/newbasic/grammatica/condizionalezero.htm

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/type0/exercise1.html

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/type0/exercise2.html

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/type0/exercise3.html

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/type0/exercise4.html

TYPE 1

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/firstconditional/menu.php

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/firstconditional/exercise1.html

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/firstconditional/exercise2.html

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/firstconditional/exercise3.html

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/firstconditional/exercise4.html

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/firstconditional/exercise5.swf

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-1/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-1/exercises?02

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/conditional-sentences-1

TYPE 2

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/secondconditional/menu.php

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/secondconditional/exercise1.html

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/secondconditional/exercise2.html

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/secondconditional/exercise3.html

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/secondconditional/exercise4.html

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-2/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-2/exercises?02

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/conditional-sentences-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/conditional-sentences-4

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/exercises?03

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/exceptions/exercises?04

TYPE 3

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/thirdconditional/menu.php

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/thirdconditional/exercise1.html

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/thirdconditional/exercise2.html

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/thirdconditional/exercise3.html

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/thirdconditional/exercise4.html

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/thirdconditional/exercise5.html

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-

3/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-3/exercises?02

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/conditional-sentences-3

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/conditional-sentences-4

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/exercises?04

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/exceptions/exercises?05

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/exercises?06

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/exercises?05

MORE DIFFICULT (MIXED)

http://ingles.iesboliches.org/activities/grammar/conditional/conditionals01.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional1.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional2.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional3.htm

http://ingles.iesboliches.org/activities/grammar/conditional/conditionals2.htm

http://ingles.iesboliches.org/activities/grammar/conditional/conditionals3.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional4.htm

http://http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional6.htm

www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional5.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional7.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional8.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional9.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional10.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional11.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional12.htm

http://tamingtheclass.blogspot.com.es/2013/02/2-bachillerato-conditionals-and-i-wish.html

CONDITIONALS PRACTICE FOR BACHILLERATO

All types of conditional sentences are included

1. Choose the correct word or put the appropriate verb form:

1. (If / When) I leave work, I usually go to the fitness center to work out.

2. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. (If / When) she watches any television at all, it is usually a documentary or a news program.

3. My friend always keeps in touch by mail. (If / When) I get a letter, I usually write back immediately.

4. If I (have) enough money, I (go) on safari to Kenya. However, my bank account is empty!

5. I love to travel! When I (have) enough money, I (go) abroad. I do it almost every year

6. I really wanted to go on safari to Kenya with my friends, but I couldn't afford to go. If I (have) enough money, I (go) with them.

7. I'm sorry, I didn't know you were allergic to chocolate. If I (know), I (make) you a vanilla birthday cake.

8. Stop asking me what Amanda bought you for Christmas. Even if I (know) what she bought you, I (tell,not you.

9. Nobody here speaks English. Too bad Gloria isn't here. If she (be) with us, she (can) act as our interpreter.

10. I am afraid I won't be able to come to your wedding next week because my company is sending me to New York to attend a trade show. I (miss, never) your wedding if I (have) a choice in the matter.

11. If the weather is nice tomorrow, she (walk) along the river to school.

12. If you help me move tomorrow, I (treat) you to a dinner and a movie.

13. If you were to help me move tomorrow, I (treat) you to a dinner and a movie.

14. If I were in Tahiti right now, I (snorkel) along a beautiful reef. I wouldn't be stuck here in this officewith mountains of paperwork.

15. If Jerry hadn't stopped to pick up that quarter, he (cross) the street when the bus ran the red light. He might have been killed!

16. Tina's train arrived ahead of schedule. If I hadn't decided to go to the train station early, she (wait)there for more than twenty minutes before I arrived.

17. If I (pass) the test, I (get) an "A" in the class. Instead, I got a "C." I really should have studied more.

18. If I (be) rich, I (buy) that new Mercedes we saw yesterday. Unfortunately, I can't even afford a used car.

19. We (go) skiing this weekend, but there's no snow. Oh, well! We will just have to find something else to do instead.

20. If Heather spoke Chinese, she (translate) the email for you yesterday.

CHECK YOUR ANSWERS at

http://myplaceforenglish.blogspot.com.es/2010/12/conditional-sentences-advanced.html

INVERSION IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (ADVANCED LEVEL)

In formal English conditional sentences can be formed by inversion of subject and auxiliary. Also, if is removed.

Consider these examples:

Unreal present

Were I you, I would visit my grandfather.

Unreal past

In formal English conditional sentences can be formed by inversion of subject and auxiliary. Also, if is removed.

Consider these examples:

Unreal present

Were I you, I would visit my grandfather.

Unreal past

Had I known this fact before, I wouldn't have come here.
Had Jake been informed about the meeting, he would have participated.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Grammar theory -

Conditional clauses, describe the condition upon which the action in the main clause depends. Their basic structure is the following:

If…………then………………..

Different types of conditional will depend on how possible is that expressed in the conditional clause.

Type 0- neutral type

Here if could be replaced by when and the resulting sentence would be:

'When it was very cold, we switched on the heating.'

IF	PRESENT (or same tense)	PRESENT (or same tense
If	It is very cold/it was very cold	We switch/switched on the heating

Type I- open condition

What happens in the main clause may or may not happen, depending on the conditional cluse

IF	PRESENT	FUTURE, IMPERATIVE, CAN, MAY
If	You want to lose weight,	You will probably be hungry
If	You see her,	Tell her to give me a ring

IMPERATIVE	"AND"/"OR"	FUTURE
Keep working like that	And	You will have an accident
Please sit down	Or	You won't see the show.

Something that may happen is seen as depending on chance or highly improbable.

IF	SHOULD	FUTURE and IMPERATIVE
If	You should find this can difficult to open,	Return to the shop
SHOULD + subject + verb		FUTURE and IMPERATIVE
Should you find my keyholder,		You will telephone me immediately Telephone me immediately

Type 2- hypothetical but possible condition

The main clause depends on an imaginary non fact in the if-clause, expressed by past tenses

IF	PAST	CONDITIONAL, COULD, MIGHT
If	You bought a car	You would spend money on fuel You could drive your friends around

It is less likely that the action in the conditional takes place.

IF	"WERE TO"	CONDITIONAL, COULD, MIGHT
If	You were to meet Mr James,	You could see that he's a nasty little guy
WERE + SUBJECT + TO INFINITIVE		CONDITIONAL, COULD, MIGHT
Were you to find walking difficult,		You could try the easy way up.

Type 3- hypothetical but unreal condition

What is said in the main clause is an imaginary consequence of something that that didn't happen

IF	PAST PERFECT	PERFECT CONDITIONAL
If	We had followed his advices	We would have found a house near the river

IF	PAST PERFECT	COULD or MIGHT HAVE
If	You had told me before	I could have got you the tickets

Summary of inversions in the conditional sentences

In type 1

"SHOULD" INVERTED	FUTURE or IMPERATIVE
Should my mother call me	Tell her I'm not feeling too well

In type 2

"WERE TO" INVERTED	CONDITIONAL
Were they to arrive tomorrow	We would have to buy some food

In type 3

PAST PERFECT INVERTED	PERFECT CONDITIONAL
Had you seen what I saw	you would have also believed it

Other expressions used in conditional clauses:

UNLESS " Si no…" "A menos que..."	You won't finish the race unless you control your effort.
"WHETHER…OR NOT" "Tanto….como si no "	Whether you pay or not, you won't get in without an invitation.
"ON CONDITION THAT" "PROVIDED THAT" "PROVIDING THAT" "SO LONG AS" "AS LONG AS "Siempre que, en tanto que, con la condición de que,...etc "ASSUMING THAT" "SUPPOSING THAT" "SUPPOSE THAT" "Suponiendo que.."	"I will only tell my age on condition that you tell yours." "What would you do supposing that you were given the chance to see the future ?" "Assuming that it's fine tomorrow, we'll go for a swim"

Exercise 1

MIXED CONDITIONALS (3)

1.If I _________________ (be) rich enough to buy a desert island, I ___________(not build) many houses, or wildlife _________________.(disappear)

2. It is a pity the owner of that Picasso didn't want to sell, because if she _______________ (want) to put up the picture for sale, I _________________ (buy) it.

3. If my mother _________________ (come) to see our new house, we _____________ (have) to have our windows repaired.

4. You _________________(can) watch English TV unless you _________________ (buy) a satellite dish. If I _________________ (be) you, I _________________(buy) one.

5. I'm sure some people in the institute _________________ (wear) jeans even if they _________________ (live) under the water.

Exercise 2

MIXED CONDITIONAL (4)

1. If you ____________________ (have) anything to say to me, please ____________________ (tell) me quick.

2. I would have asked for another set if you ____________________ (give) me the money.

3. ____________________ children start bothering you, please ____________________ (call) the teacher.

4. Drive faster and you ____________________ (have) an accident.

5. If I ____________________ what was going to happen, I ____________________ the club.

6. If he ____________________ (be) on his knees today, maybe I ____________________ (marry) him.

7. You ____________________(can) to pass your driving test, provided that you

____________________(keep) calm.

8.What ____________________ you ____________________ (do) if you ____________________ (find)a bag containing a lot of money ?

9. I ____________________ (tell) you on conditon that you ____________________ (not tell) anybody.

10. Something horrible ____________________ ( happen)if I ____________________ (not turn) off the gas

Exercise 3

Rewrite these sentences using the conjunctions in brackets.

1. If you gave me 1000€ I still ____________(not go) into a coal mine.(Even if)

Even if you gave me 1000€ I wouldn't go into a coal mine.

2 I (lend) you my book if you let me have it back by Monday. (on (the) condition (that))

____________________________________________________________

3 If you look after it, I (let) you keep my bicycle till the weekend. (providing (that))

______________________________________________________

4 If you (not tell) anyone else, I'll tell you what happened. (so long as)

______________________________________________________

5 If it (be) a holiday on Monday, we can drive to the seaside. (assuming (that))

______________________________________________________

6 The children were never scolded if they (do) what they were told. (so long as)_-

______________________________________________________

exercise 4

Put in the right conditionals.

THE SECRET OF A LONG LIFE

Grygori Pilikian recently celebrated his 114th birthday and reporters visited him in his mountain village in Georgia to find out the secret of a long life. 'The secret of a long life,' Grygori said, 'is happiness. If you (be) 1 __________ happy, you will live a long time.' 'Are you married?' a reporter asked. 'Yes,' Grygori replied. 'I married my third wife when I was 102. If you are happily married, you (live)__________2 for ever. But for my third wife, I __________(die) 3 years ago.' 'What about smoking and drinking?' a reporter asked. 'Yes, they are important,' Grygori said. 'Don't smoke at all and you (feel)__________ 4 well. Drink two glasses of wine a day and you__________ (be) 5 healthy and happy.' 'If you_________ (can/live) B your life again, what (you/do) 7__________?' a reporter asked. 'I would do what I have done. If I had had more sense, I __________(eat) 8 more yoghourt!' he chuckled. 'Supposing you __________(can/change) 9 one thing in your life what you/change)__________ 1O ?' another reporter asked. 'Not much,' Grygori replied. 'So you don't have anyregrets?' 'Yes, I have one regret,' Grygori replied. 'If I (know) 11__________ I was going to live so long, I__________(look after) 12 myself better!'

Type of Connector	Connector(s)	Examples
Coordinating conjunctions	for (cause), so (effect)	Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient, for their positions are at times rather stressful.
Subordinating conjunctions	because, since	Since high level positions are at times rather stressful, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.
Conjunctive adverbs	therefore, as a result, consequently	High level positions are at times rather stressful; therefore, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.
Prepositions	because of, due to, as a result of	Due to the stressful nature of high level positions, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient

Monday, 20 February 2012

Unit 0-4

Sentence Connectors

Sentence Connectors - showing Cause / Effect

Sentence Connectors - Showing Addition

Sentence Connectors - Showing Comparison

Sentence Connectors - Showing Contrast

Sentence Connectors - Showing Condition

TENSES GRAMMAR & EXERCISES

English Tenses Timeline Chart

TIMELINE

MODAL VERBS (THEORY AND EXERCISES) 1º y 2º BACHILLERATO

Active / Passive Overview

CONDITIONALS PRACTICE FOR BACHILLERATO

All types of conditional sentences are included

1. Choose the correct word or put the appropriate verb form:

1. (If / When) I leave work, I usually go to the fitness center to work out.

2. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. (If / When) she watches any television at all, it is usually a documentary or a news program.

3. My friend always keeps in touch by mail. (If / When) I get a letter, I usually write back immediately.

4. If I (have) enough money, I (go) on safari to Kenya. However, my bank account is empty!

5. I love to travel! When I (have) enough money, I (go) abroad. I do it almost every year

6. I really wanted to go on safari to Kenya with my friends, but I couldn't afford to go. If I (have) enough money, I (go) with them.

7. I'm sorry, I didn't know you were allergic to chocolate. If I (know), I (make) you a vanilla birthday cake.

8. Stop asking me what Amanda bought you for Christmas. Even if I (know) what she bought you, I (tell,not you.

9. Nobody here speaks English. Too bad Gloria isn't here. If she (be) with us, she (can) act as our interpreter.

10. I am afraid I won't be able to come to your wedding next week because my company is sending me to New York to attend a trade show. I (miss, never) your wedding if I (have) a choice in the matter.

11. If the weather is nice tomorrow, she (walk) along the river to school.

12. If you help me move tomorrow, I (treat) you to a dinner and a movie.

13. If you were to help me move tomorrow, I (treat) you to a dinner and a movie.

14. If I were in Tahiti right now, I (snorkel) along a beautiful reef. I wouldn't be stuck here in this officewith mountains of paperwork.

15. If Jerry hadn't stopped to pick up that quarter, he (cross) the street when the bus ran the red light. He might have been killed!

16. Tina's train arrived ahead of schedule. If I hadn't decided to go to the train station early, she (wait)there for more than twenty minutes before I arrived.

17. If I (pass) the test, I (get) an "A" in the class. Instead, I got a "C." I really should have studied more.

18. If I (be) rich, I (buy) that new Mercedes we saw yesterday. Unfortunately, I can't even afford a used car.

19. We (go) skiing this weekend, but there's no snow. Oh, well! We will just have to find something else to do instead.

20. If Heather spoke Chinese, she (translate) the email for you yesterday.

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